LeapYear Python Client

Welcome to the Python API documentation for the LeapYear Secure ML module. This documentation is meant to provide a detailed reference for programmatically interacting with the LeapYear Core software.

Visit guides.leapyear.io to access higher-level material such as:

• an executive-level introduction to LeapYear.

• an architecture overview.

• a step-by-step tutorial for building your first model in LeapYear.

• a data science reference containing code snippets for data exploration, feature engineering, supervised and unsupervised learning.

• best practices for differentially private analytics.

• guides for admins and architects.

Table of Contents:

Getting Started

Connecting to LeapYear and Exploring

The first step to using LeapYear’s data security platform for analysis is getting connected. To get started, we’ll import the Client object from the leapyear python library and connect to the LeapYear server using our user credentials.

Credentials used for this tutorial:

>>> url = 'http://localhost:{}'.format(os.environ.get('LY_PORT', 4401))
>>> username = 'tutorial_user'
>>> password = 'abcdefghiXYZ1!'

Import the Client object:

>>> from leapyear import Client

Create a connection:

>>> client = Client(url, username, password)
>>> client.connected
True
>>> client.close()
>>> client.connected
False

Alternatively, Client is also a context manager, so the connection is automatically closed at the end of a with block:

>>> with Client(url, username, password) as client:
...     # carry out computations with connection to LeapYear
...     client.connected
True
>>> client.connected
False

Databases, Tables and Columns

Once we’ve obtained a connection to LeapYear, we can look through the databases and tables that are available for data analysis:

>>> client = Client(url, username, password)

Examine databases available to the user:

>>> client.databases.keys()
dict_keys(['tutorial'])
>>> tutorial_db = client.databases['tutorial']
>>> tutorial_db
<Database tutorial>

Examine tables within the database tutorial:

>>> sorted(tutorial_db.tables.keys())  
['classification',
 'regression1',
 'regression2',
 'twoclass']
>>> example1 = tutorial_db.tables['regression1']
>>> example1
<Table tutorial.regression1>

Examine the columns on table tutorial_db.regression1:

>>> example1.columns  
{'x0': <TableColumn tutorial.regression1.x0: type='REAL' bounds=(-4.0, 4.0)     nullable=False>,
 'x1': <TableColumn tutorial.regression1.x1: type='REAL' bounds=(-4.0, 4.0)     nullable=False>,
 'x2': <TableColumn tutorial.regression1.x2: type='REAL' bounds=(-4.0, 4.0)     nullable=False>,
 'y':  <TableColumn tutorial.regression1.y:  type='REAL' bounds=(-400.0, 400.0) nullable=False>}

Column Types

TableColumn objects include their type, bounds, and nullability.

>>> col_x0 = example1.columns['x0']
>>> col_x0.type
<ColumnType.REAL: 'REAL'>
>>> col_x0.bounds
(-4.0, 4.0)
>>> col_x0.nullable
False

The possible types are: BOOL, INT, REAL, FACTOR, DATE, TEXT, and DATETIME.

INT, REAL, DATE, and DATETIME have publicly available bounds, representing the lower and upper limits of the data in the column. FACTOR also has bounds, representing the set of strings available in the column. BOOL and TEXT columns have no bounds.

The DataSet Class

Once we’ve established a connection to the LeapYear server using the Client class, we can import the DataSet to access and analyze tables.

>>> from leapyear import DataSet

We can access tables, either using the client interface as above:

>>> ds_example1 = DataSet.from_table(example1)

or by directly referencing the table by name:

>>> ds_example1 = DataSet.from_table('tutorial.regression1')

The DataSet class is the primary way of interacting with data in the LeapYear system. A DataSet is associated with collection of Attributes, which can be used to compute statistics. The DataSet class allows the user to manipulate and analyze the attributes of a data source using a variety of relational operations such as column selection, row selection based on conditions, unions, joins, etc.

An instance of the Attribute class represents either an individual named column in the DataSet or a transformation of one or several of such columns via supported operations. Attributes also have types, which can be inspected the same as the types in a DataSet schema. Attributes can be manipulated using most built in Python operations, such as +, *, and abs.

>>> ds_example1.schema  
Schema([('x0', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('x1', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('x2', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('y',  AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-400, 400)))])
>>> ds_example1.schema['x0']
AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))
>>> ds_example1.schema['x0'].name
'REAL'
>>> ds_example1.schema['x0'].nullable
False
>>> ds_example1.schema['x0'].domain
(-4.0, 4.0)
>>> attr_x0 = ds_example1['x0']
>>> attr_x0
<Attribute: x0>
>>> attr_x0 + 4
<Attribute: x0 + 4>
>>> attr_x0.type
AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))
>>> attr_x0.type.name
'REAL'
>>> attr_x0.type.nullable
False
>>> attr_x0.type.domain
(-4.0, 4.0)

In the following example, we’ll take a few attributes from the table tutorial.regression1, adding one to the x1 attribute and multiplying x2 by three. The bounds are altered to reflect the change.

>>> ds1 = ds_example1.map_attributes(
...     {'x1': lambda att: att + 1.0, 'x2': lambda att: att * 3.0}
... )
>>> ds1.schema  
Schema([('x0', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('x1', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-3, 5))),
        ('x2', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-12, 12))),
        ('y',  AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-400, 400)))])

We can use DataSet to filter the data to examine subsets of the data, e.g. by applying predicates to the data:

>>> ds2 = ds_example1.where(ds_example1['x1'] > 1)
>>> ds2.schema  
Schema([('x0', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('x1', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(1, 4))),
        ('x2', AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-4, 4))),
        ('y',  AttributeType(name='REAL', nullable=False, domain=(-400, 400)))])

Data Analysis

Statistics

The LeapYear system is designed to allow access to various statistical functions and develop machine learning models based on data in DataSet. The analytics function is not executed until the run() method is called on it. This allows inspection of the overall workflow and early reporting of errors. All analysis functions are located in the leapyear.analytics module.

>>> import leapyear.analytics as analytics

Many common statistics functions are available including:

• count()

• count_distinct()

• median()

• min()

• max()

• mean()

• sum()

• variance()

• histogram()

Next is an example of obtaining simple statistics from the dataset:

>>> mean_analysis = analytics.mean('x0', ds_example1)
>>> mean_analysis.run()
0.039159280186637294
>>> variance_analysis = analytics.variance('x0', ds_example1)
>>> variance_analysis.run()
1.0477940098374177
>>> quantile_analysis = analytics.quantile(0.25, 'x0', ds_example1)
>>> quantile_analysis.run()
-0.6575000000000001

By combining statistics with the ability to transform and filter data, we can look at various statistics associated to subsets of the data:

>>> analytics.mean('x0', ds_example1).run()
0.039159280186637294
>>> ds2 = ds_example1.where(ds_example1['x1'] > 1)
>>> analytics.mean('x0', ds2).run()
0.14454229785771325

Machine Learning

The leapyear.analytics module also supports various machine learning (ML) models, including

• regression-based models (linear, logistic, generalized),

• tree-based models (random forests for classification and regression tasks),

• unsupervised models (e.g. K-means, PCA),

• the ability do optimize model hyperparemeters via search with cross-validation, and

• the ability to evaluate model performance based on a variety of common validation metrics.

In this section we will share some examples of the machine learning tools provided by the LeapYear system.

The Effect of L2 Regularization on Model Coefficients

The following example code shows a common theoretical result from ML: as the L2 regularization parameter alpha increases, we see the coefficients of the model gradually approach zero. This is depicted in the graph generated below:

>>> n_alphas = 20
>>> alphas = np.logspace(-2,2, n_alphas)
>>>
>>> # example3 has 0 and 1 in the y column. Here, we convert 1 to True and 0 to False
>>> ds_example3 = DataSet\
...    .from_table('tutorial.classification')\
...    .map_attribute('y', lambda att: att.decode({1: True}).coalesce(False))
>>>
>>> models = []
>>> for alpha in alphas:
...     model = analytics.generalized_logreg(
...         ['x0','x1','x2','x3','x4','x5','x6','x7','x8','x9'],
...         'y',
...         ds_example3,
...         affine=False,
...         l1reg=0.001,
...         l2reg=alpha
...     ).run()
...     models.append(model)
>>>
>>> coefs = np.array([np.append(m.coefficients, m.intercept) for m in models]).reshape((n_alphas,11))

Plotting the coefficients with respect to alpha values:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> plt.figure()
>>> plt.plot(alphas, coefs)
>>> plt.xscale('log')
>>> plt.xlabel('alpha')
>>> plt.ylabel('weights')
>>> plt.title('coefficients as a function of the regularization')
>>> plt.axis('tight')
>>> plt.show()

Training a Simple Logistic Regression Model

This example shows how to compute a logistic regression classifier and evaluate it’s performance using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

>>> ds_train = ds_example3.split(0, [80, 20])
>>> ds_test = ds_example3.split(1, [80, 20])
>>> glm = analytics.generalized_logreg(['x1'], 'y', ds_train, affine=True, l1reg=0, l2reg=0.01).run()
>>> cc = analytics.roc(glm, ['x1'], 'y', ds_test, thresholds=32).run()

Plot the ROC and display the area under the ROC:

>>> plt.figure()
>>> plt.plot(cc.fpr, cc.tpr, label='ROC curve (area = %0.2f)' % cc.auc_roc)
>>> plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k--')
>>> plt.xlabel('False Positive Rate')
>>> plt.ylabel('True Positive Rate')
>>> plt.title('Receiver operating characteristic example')
>>> plt.legend(loc="lower right")
>>> plt.show()

Training a Random Forest

In this example we train a random forest classifier on a binary classification problem associated to two overlapping gaussian distributions centered at (0,0) and (3,3). Points around (0,0) are labeled as in the negative class while points around (3,3) are labeled as in the positive class.

>>> ds_example4 = DataSet.from_table('tutorial.twoclass')
>>> rf = analytics.random_forest(['x1', 'x2'], 'y', ds_example4, 100, 1).run()

>>> plot_colors = "br"
>>> plot_step = 0.1
>>>
>>> x_min, x_max = 1.5-8, 1.5+8
>>> y_min, y_max = 1.5-8, 1.5+8
>>> xx, yy = np.meshgrid(
...     np.arange(x_min, x_max, plot_step),
...     np.arange(y_min, y_max, plot_step)
... )
>>> Z = rf.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
>>> Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)

Plot the decision boundary:

>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
>>> plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Paired)
>>> # Draw circles centered at the gaussian distributions
>>> ax.add_artist(plt.Circle((0,0), 1.5, color='k', fill=False))
>>> ax.add_artist(plt.Circle((3,3), 1.5, color='k', fill=False))
>>> ax.text(3, 3, '+')
>>> ax.text(0, 0, '-')
>>> plt.xlabel('x')
>>> plt.ylabel('y')
>>> plt.title('Decision Boundary')

This concludes the user tutorial section, so the connection should be closed.

>>> client.close()
>>> client.connected
False

Management and Administration

Administration tasks use the Client class from the leapyear module and admin classes from the leapyear.admin. These admin classes include:

• User

• Database

• Table

• Column

These classes provide API’s for various administrator tasks on the LeapYear system. All of the examples in the administrative examples section will require correct permissions.

Managing the LeapYear Server

Management requires sufficient privileges. The examples below assume the lyadmin user is an administrator of the LeapYear deployment system.

>>> client = Client(url, 'lyadmin', ROOT_PASSWORD)
>>> client.connected
True

User Management

User objects are used as the primary API for managing users. Below is an example of a user being created, their password updated, and finally their account is disabled.

>>> # Create the user
>>> user = User('new_user', password)
>>> client.create(user)
>>> 'new_user' in client.users
True
>>>
>>> # Update the user's password
>>> new_password = '{}100'.format(password)
>>> user.update(password=new_password)
<User new_user>
>>>
>>> # Disable the user
>>> user.enabled
True
>>>
>>> user.enabled = False
>>> user.enabled
False

Database Management

Database objects are used to view and manipulate databases on the server.

>>> # create database
>>> client.create(Database('sales'))
>>>
>>> # retrieve a reference to the database
>>> sales_database = client.databases['sales']
>>>
>>> # drop database
>>> client.drop(sales_database)

Table Management

Table objects are used to view and manipulate tables in a database on the server. Below is an example of how to define a data source (table) object on the LeapYear server.

>>> credentials = 'hdfs:///path/to/data.parquet'
>>>
>>> # create a table
>>> accounts = Database('accounts')
>>> table = Table('users', credentials=credentials, database=accounts)
>>>
>>> client.create(accounts)
>>> client.create(table)
>>>
>>> # retrieve a reference to the table
>>> users_table = accounts.tables['users']
>>>
>>> # drop a table
>>> client.drop(users_table)

LeapYear Python API

Module leapyear

The LeapYear Client connects the python API to the LeapYear server.

While connected to the server, the connection information is stored in a resource manager, so direct access to the client is not necessary for all operations.

The main objects that can be directly accessed by the Client object are databases, users and permissions resources. Many resources are cached to reduce network latency, however the load() methods for resource objects will force refreshing of the metadata.

>>> from leapyear import Client
>>> from leapyear.admin import Database, Table, ColumnDefinition

Connecting to the server

• Method 1 - manually open and close the connection.

>>> SERVER_URL = 'https://ly-server:4401'
>>> client = Client(url=SERVER_URL)
>>> print(client.databases)
{}
>>> client.close()

• Method 2 - Use a context to automatically close the connection.

>>> with Client(url=SERVER_URL) as client:
...     print(client.databases)
{}

Create a User

There are two ways to create an object on the LeapYear server. The first is to invoke the Client.create() method.

>>> with Client(url=SERVER_URL) as client:
...     client.create(User('new_user', 'password'))

The second is to call the create() method on the object.

>>> with Client(url=SERVER_URL) as client:
...     User('new_user', 'password').create()

Create a Database

>>> with Client(url=SERVER_URL) as client:
...     db = Database('db_name')
...     client.create(db)
...     print(db.tables)
{}

Create a Table

>>> TABLE_CREDENTIALS = 'hdfs://path/to/data.parq'
>>> columns = [
>>>    ColumnDefinition('x', type="REAL", bounds=(-3.0, 3.0)),
>>>    ColumnDefinition('y', type="BOOL"),
>>> ]
>>> with Client(url=SERVER_URL) as client:
...     tbl = Table(
...         'tbl_name',
...         columns=columns,
...         credentials=TABLE_CREDENTIALS,
...         database=db,
...     )
...     tbl.create()  

The Client class

class leapyear.client.Client(url='http://localhost:4401', username=None, password=None, *, authenticate=<function ly_login>, default_analysis_caching=True, default_allow_max_budget_allocation=True, public_key_auth=False)

A class that wraps a connection to a LeapYear system.

__init__(url='http://localhost:4401', username=None, password=None, *, authenticate=<function ly_login>, default_analysis_caching=True, default_allow_max_budget_allocation=True, public_key_auth=False)

Initialize a Client object.

Parameters

• url (str) – The URL of LeapYear Core. Automatically set to the value of the LY_API_URL environment variable or http://localhost:4401 if not specified.

• username (Optional[str]) – Optional username to pass to the authenticate parameter

• password (Optional[str]) – Optional password to pass to the authenticate parameter

• authenticate (AuthenticateFn) – A callback that should log in the user and return a LeapYear token. By default, logs in with the username and password of a LeapYear user, if username and password are provided. Otherwise, uses the token in the LY_JWT environment variable.

• default_analysis_caching (bool) – Whether to cache analysis results by default.

• default_allow_max_budget_allocation (bool) – Whether to allow running analyses on data sets that will automatically consume near the maximum privacy exposure per computation. If enabled, computations on small data sets that use the maximum privacy exposure will be blocked by default. This behavior can be overwritten at the computation level.

• public_key_auth (bool) – Use public key auth to authenticate requests to the LeapYear API. Requires setup via the API setup instructions.

Raises

• AuthenticationError – when login fails.

• InvalidURL – when the url parameter is formatted incorrectly.

close()

Close the LeapYear connection.

Return type

None

logout()

Logout and prevent any further actions using the current token.

Return type

None

clear_analysis_cache()

Clear all analyses from the cache.

Return type

None

clear_all_caches()

Clear all of the caches.

Return type

None

count_analysis_cache()

Return the number of analyses in the analysis cache.

Return type

int

unpersist_all_relations()

Clear all cached datasets.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

None

property logger

Get the Logger object for the client.

Return type

Logger

property url

Get the URL of the connection.

Return type

str

property username

Get the user currently logged in the server.

Return type

str

property connected

Check if the client can successfully connect + authenticate to the LeapYear system.

Return type

bool

property status

Get the status of the Client’s connection to the LeapYear system.

Return type

ClientStatus

create(obj, ignore_if_exists=False, drop_if_exists=False)

Create an object on the LeapYear server.

Return type

None

create_async(obj)

Create an object on the LeapYear server asynchronously.

Return type

AsyncJob

update(obj, **kwargs)

Update an object on the LeapYear server.

Return type

None

drop(obj, ignore_missing=False)

Drop an object on the LeapYear server.

Return type

None

property privacy_profiles

Get all privacy profiles available on the server.

Return type

Mapping[str, PrivacyProfile]

property databases

Get all databases available on the server.

Return type

Mapping[str, Database]

property current_user

Get the currently logged in user.

Return type

User

property users

Get users available on the server.

Return type

Mapping[str, User]

property groups

Get groups available on the server.

Return type

Mapping[str, Group]

property jobs

Get running jobs on the server.

Return type

List[AsyncJobInformation]

property recent_finished_jobs

Get the most recent finished jobs on the server.

Return type

List[AsyncJobInformation]

Module leapyear.admin

Administrative objects for LeapYear.

Database class

class leapyear.admin.Database(name, *, description=None, privacy_profile=None, privacy_limit=None, db_id=None)

Database object.

classmethod all()

Get all databases.

Returns

Iterator over all of the databases available on the server.

Return type

all_databases

property id

Get the ID.

Return type

int

property tables

Get the tables of the database.

Return type

Mapping[str, Table]

property views

Get the views of the database.

This property can only be seen by admins

Return type

Mapping[str, View]

property privacy_params

Get the privacy parameter of the database.

Return type

PrivacyProfileParams

property description

Get the database’s description.

Return type

Optional[str]

property privacy_profile

Get the database’s Privacy Profile.

Return type

str

set_privacy_profile(privacy_profile)

Set the database’s privacy profile asynchronously.

Parameters

privacy_profile (PrivacyProfile) – The new privacy profile.

Example

>>> db = c.databases["db1"]
>>> pp = c.privacy_profiles["Custom profile 1"]
>>> db.set_privacy_profile(pp)

Return type

None

get_privacy_limit()

Get the database’s privacy limit.

Return type

PrivacyLimit

set_privacy_limit(privacy_limit)

Set the database’s privacy limit.

Return type

None

load()

Load the database.

create(*, ignore_if_exists=False)

Create the database.

Return type

Database

drop(*, ignore_missing=False)

Drop the database.

get_access(subject=None)

Get the access level of the given subject.

Parameters

subject (Union[User, Group, None]) – A User or Group object. If none is provided, use the currently logged in user.

Return type

DatabaseAccessType

set_access(subject, access)

Grant the given access level to a subject.

Parameters

• subject (Union[User, Group]) – A User or Group object.

• access (DatabaseAccessType) – The access level to grant.

Return type

None

property name

Get the name.

Return type

str

Table class

class leapyear.admin.Table(name, *, database, columns=None, credentials=None, description=None, public=None, table_id=None, watch_folder=None, **kwargs)

Table object.

__init__(name, *, database, columns=None, credentials=None, description=None, public=None, table_id=None, watch_folder=None, **kwargs)

Initialize a Table object.

Parameters

• name – The table name.

• columns – The columns to create the Table with. If no columns provided, the schema will be auto detected from the data.

• credentials – The credentials to the first data slice to be added to the Table.

• description – The table’s description.

• database – The database this table belongs to.

• public – Whether this table should be a public table.

• watch_folder – When True, the ‘credentials’ parameter should point to a directory of parquet files that will be watched for automatic data slice uploads. Only applicable for table creation.

property id

Get the ID.

Return type

int

property status

Get the status of the table.

Return type

str

property status_with_error

Get the status of the table and potentially the error information.

Return type

TableStatus

property columns

Get the columns of the table.

Return type

Mapping[str, TableColumn]

property description

Get the table’s description.

property database

Get the database the table belongs to.

Return type

str

property public

Identify whether the table is a public table.

Return type

bool

get_privacy_limit()

Show the privacy limit associated with the table.

Returns a value of None when the table is public.

set_privacy_limit(privacy_limit)

Set the privacy limit associated with the table.

Throws an error when the table is public.

Return type

None

property privacy_spent

Show the privacy spent for the current user on this table as a percentage.

Returns the privacy spent (𝜀) associated with all the information disclosed so far by the LeapYear platform to the current user working with this table. The value is represented as a percentage of the privacy limit (0, 10, 20, …100) set by the administrator. The value can exceed 100% if the admin forcibly lowers the privacy limit below the current user’s privacy spent. No queries can be run on a table where the privacy spent is at or above 100%.

If the table is public, returns None instead.

Returns

Privacy exposure, expressed as a percentage of the limit.

Return type

float

Examples

1. Review the current level of privacy spent.

>>> from leapyear.admin import Database, Table
>>> db = Database('db')
>>> t = Table('table', database=db)
>>> print(t.privacy_spent)
50

get_user_privacy_spent(user)

Show the privacy spent for a user on this table.

Returns the privacy spent (𝜀), as a float, associated with all the information disclosed so far by the LeapYear platform to a user working with this table, and the privacy limit as an (𝜀, 𝛿) pair in a PrivacyLimit object.

Returns None instead, if the table is public.

This method is only available to authorized administrators, or to a user attempting to retrieve their own privacy spent.

set_user_privacy_limit(user, privacy_limit)

Allow the administrator to set the privacy limit for a user on this table.

Sets the privacy limit as a (𝜀, 𝛿) pair in a PrivacyLimit object for the user, on this table, that is considered acceptable by the administrator. If this method is not called, the user uses the privacy limit from the table.

If this is called with a public table, nothing happens.

This method is only available to authorized users with system admin privileges.

Return type

None

load()

Load the table.

create_async()

Create the table asynchronously.

Return type

AsyncJob

drop(*, ignore_missing=False)

Drop the table.

set_all_columns_access(subject, access)

Set the given access for all columns in the table.

If the table is public, the only legal access levels are full access and no access. Setting any other value will result in an error.

property slices

Show Data Slices for the table.

Return type

List[DataSlice]

add_data_slice(*args, **kwargs)

Add a data slice like add_data_slice_async, except runs synchronously.

Return type

None

add_data_slice_async(file_credentials, *, update_column_bounds=False)

Add a file to the list of data slices of the table.

Return type

AsyncJob

create(*, ignore_if_exists=False)

Create the object synchronously.

Functionally equivalent to .create_async().wait(max_timeout_sec=None).

Return type

AsyncCreateable

property name

Get the name.

Return type

str

ColumnDefinition class

class leapyear.admin.ColumnDefinition(name, *, type, bounds=None, nullable=False, description=None, infer_bounds=False)

The definition of a column for creating a Table with an explicit schema.

Example usage:

>>> table = Table(
...     columns=[ColumnDefinition("col1", type="INT", bounds=(0, 10))],
...     ...
... )
>>> table.create()

Changing values in a ColumnDefinition has no effect after a table is created. See the TableColumn documentation for functions to update column attributes after creating a table.

name

str

type

ColumnType

bounds

ColumnBounds

nullable

bool

description

str | None

infer_bounds

bool

__new__(**kwargs)

Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

TableColumn class

class leapyear.admin.TableColumn(*, database, table, id, name, type, bounds, nullable, description)

A column in a table.

property id

Get the id of the column.

Return type

int

property table

Get the table that the column belongs to.

Return type

str

property database

Get the database that the column belongs to.

Return type

str

property type

Get the type of the column.

Return type

ColumnType

property bounds

Get the bounds of the column.

Return type

Union[None, Tuple[int, int], Tuple[float, float], Tuple[date, date], Tuple[datetime, datetime], Set[str]]

property nullable

Get the nullability of the column.

Return type

bool

property description

Get the description of the column.

Return type

str

update(**kwargs)

Update the Column’s type, bounds, or nullable.

All of the parameters are optional. If anything is not provided, it’s left unchanged.

Parameters

• type (Union[ColumnType, str]) –

• bounds (ColumnBounds) –

• nullable (bool) –

• infer_bounds (bool) –

Return type

None

set_description(description)

Set the description of the Column.

Return type

None

get_access(subject=None)

Get the access level of the given subject.

Parameters

subject – A User or Group object. If none is provided, use the currently logged in user.

set_access(subject, access)

Grant the given access level to a subject.

If this is a column of a public table, only Full Access and No Access are legal values. Setting any other value will result in an error.

Parameters

• subject (Union[User, Group]) – A User or Group object.

• access (ColumnAccessType) – The access level to grant.

Return type

None

class leapyear.admin.ColumnType(value)

A column type.

BOOL = 'BOOL'

A BOOL column has no bounds.

INT = 'INT'

An INT column whose bounds should be a (int, int) pair.

REAL = 'REAL'

A REAL column whose bounds should be a (float, float) pair.

FACTOR = 'FACTOR'

A FACTOR column whose bounds should be a list of strings.

TEXT = 'TEXT'

A TEXT column has no bounds.

DATE = 'DATE'

A DATE column whose bounds should be a (datetime.date, datetime.date) pair, containing dates of the form 1970-01-31.

DATETIME = 'DATETIME'

A DATETIME column whose bounds should be a (datetime.datetime, datetime.datetime) pair, containing datetimes of the form 1970-01-31T00﹕00﹕00.

ID = 'ID'

An ID column has no bounds.

leapyear.admin.ColumnBounds

A type alias representing the union of all possible column bounds described in ColumnType

View class

class leapyear.admin.View(name, *, database, dataset, num_partitions=1, partitioning_columns=[], sort_within_partitions_by_columns=[], nominal_partitioning_columns=[], description=None, **kwargs)

View object.

A view is a dataset that can be persisted on disk (materialized), across restarts of the LeapYear application. Analysts referencing a materialized view will be using the dataset that is on disk, instead of re-calculating any transformations defined on the dataset.

A guide on how to use views can be found here.

Analysts should load views either from Database.views or using the database.view notation; for example:

>>> db = client.databases['db1']
>>> view1 = db.views['view1']
>>> ds1 = DataSet.from_view(view1)

>>> ds2 = DataSet.from_view('db1.view1')

Parameters

• name (str) – The view’s name. Views must have unique names, including de-materialized views. View names cannot include any of these characters: ,;{}()=", or newlines (\n), or tabs (\t)

• database (Union[str, Database]) – The database that the view belongs to. This should be the database that the tables referenced in the DataSet belong to.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet that will be stored as a view.

• num_partitions – The number of partitions that the view will be split into. This will only be used if partitioning_columns is also set.

• partitioning_columns – The columns by which to bucket (cluster) the view into partitions. This must be used with num_partitions. The view will have num_partitions number of partitions, and records with the same values for the partitioning_columns will be in the same partition.

• sort_within_partitions_by_columns – The columns used to sort rows within each partition.

• nominal_partitioning_columns – The columns by which to partition the view. This should be used by itself, without any other partition parameters.

• description (Optional[str]) – Description of the view.

property database

Get the database associated to the view.

Return type

str

property description

Get the description associated to the view.

Return type

str

dematerialize()

Dematerialize the view.

This is the preferred method to free disk space used by a view.

load()

Load the view.

create_async()

Create the view asynchronously.

Return type

AsyncCreateJob

drop(*, ignore_missing=False)

Drop (and unregister) the view.

Admins should NOT drop a view unless they wish to also discard the entries in the analysis cache associated with that view. Instead, admins should use the dematerialize method.

create(*, ignore_if_exists=False)

Create the object synchronously.

Functionally equivalent to .create_async().wait(max_timeout_sec=None).

Return type

AsyncCreateable

property name

Get the name.

Return type

str

User class

class leapyear.admin.User(username, password=None, *, is_root=None, enabled=None, user_id=None, subj_id=None)

User object.

classmethod all()

All Users.

Returns

All users on the LeapYear server.

Return type

Iterator[User]

property id

Get the ID.

Return type

int

property subj_id

Get the subject ID.

Return type

int

property username

Get the username.

Return type

str

property is_root

Whether the user is a root user.

Return type

bool

property enabled

Whether the user is enabled.

Return type

bool

property groups

Get the groups of a user.

Returns

All groups of the user on the LeapYear server.

Return type

List[Group]

load()

Load the information for the user.

Return type

User

create(*, ignore_if_exists=False)

Create the user.

Return type

User

update(*, password=None, enabled=None)

Update the user.

Return type

User

property name

Get the name.

Return type

str

Privacy Profile class

class leapyear.admin.PrivacyProfile(name, *, params=None, hidden=None, verified=None, description=None, profile_id=None)

PrivacyProfile object.

classmethod all()

Get all privacy profiles.

Return type

Iterator[PrivacyProfile]

property id

Get the ID.

Return type

int

property description

Get the privacy profile description.

Return type

str

property hidden

Get whether the profile is hidden in the Data Manager.

Return type

bool

property verified

Get whether the profile is verified.

Return type

bool

property params

Get the parameters of the privacy profile.

Return type

PrivacyProfileParams

load()

Load the privacy profile.

create(*, ignore_if_exists=False)

Create the privacy profile.

Return type

PrivacyProfile

update(params=None, hidden=None)

Update the privacy profile’s params.

Parameters

• params – The parameters to be updated.

• hidden – Whether or not the privacy profile should be hidden in Data Manager.

Permission objects

class leapyear.admin.DatabaseAccessType(value)

AccessType for Databases.

NO_ACCESS_TO_DB = 'NO_ACCESS_TO_DB'

Prevents user from accessing database

SHOW_DATABASE = 'SHOW_DATABASE'

Allows a user to see this database and the tables it contains, including their public metadata

ADMINISTER_DATABASE = 'ADMINISTER_DATABASE'

Allows a user to administer this database - e.g. add data sources, grant user access

class leapyear.admin.ColumnAccessType(value)

AccessType for Columns.

NO_ACCESS = 'NO_ACCESS'

Prevents user from accessing column

COMPUTE = 'COMPUTE'

Allows a user to run randomized computations

FULL_ACCESS = 'FULL_ACCESS'

Allows a user to run randomized computations and view and retrieve raw data

COMPARE = 'COMPARE'

Module leapyear.admin.grants

Convenience functions for retrieving grants on resources.

Access Summaries

class leapyear.admin.grants.DatabaseAccess(subject: Union[leapyear.admin.user.User, leapyear.admin.group.Group], database: leapyear.admin.database.Database, access: leapyear.admin.database.DatabaseAccessType)

Access between a subject and a database.

subject: Union[leapyear.admin.user.User, leapyear.admin.group.Group]

Subject

database: leapyear.admin.database.Database

Database

access: leapyear.admin.database.DatabaseAccessType

DatabaseAccessType

class leapyear.admin.grants.TableAccess(subject: Union[leapyear.admin.user.User, leapyear.admin.group.Group], table: leapyear.admin.table.Table, columns: Mapping[str, leapyear.admin.table.ColumnAccessType])

Access between a subject and a table.

subject: Union[leapyear.admin.user.User, leapyear.admin.group.Group]

Subject

table: leapyear.admin.table.Table

Table

columns: Mapping[str, leapyear.admin.table.ColumnAccessType]

Mapping[str, ColumnAccessType]

Functions

leapyear.admin.grants.all_access_on_database(db)

Fetch the database access for all users or groups.

Examples

>>> db = client.databases['db']
>>> for subject, access_db, access in all_grants_on_database(db):
...     assert isinstance(subject, User) or isinstance(subject, Group)
...     assert access_db == db
...     assert isinstance(access, DatabaseAccessType)
...

Parameters

db (Database) –

Returns

Return type

List[DatabaseAccess]

leapyear.admin.grants.all_access_on_table(table)

Fetch the column access for all columns in the given table for all users or groups.

Examples

>>> table = client.databases['db'].tables['table']
>>> for subject, access_table, columns in all_access_on_table(table):
...     assert isinstance(subject, User) or isinstance(subject, Group)
...     assert access_table == table
...     for column_name, column_access in columns.items():
...         assert isinstance(column_name, str)
...         assert isinstance(column_access, ColumnAccessType)
...

Parameters

table (Table) –

Returns

Return type

List[TableAccess]

leapyear.admin.grants.all_database_accesses_for_subject(subject)

Fetch the access of all databases for the given subject.

Examples

>>> user = client.users['user']
>>> for subject, db, access in all_database_accesses_for_subject(user):
...     assert subject == user
...     assert isinstance(db, Database)
...     assert isinstance(access, DatabaseAccessType)
...

Parameters

subject (Union[User, Group]) –

Returns

Return type

List[DatabaseAccess]

Module leapyear.jobs

Classes for managing asynchronous jobs in LeapYear Core.

Inspecting Job status

class leapyear.jobs.AsyncJob(async_job_id, *, on_success=None)

A helper for polling the result of an asynchronous job.

Represents an accessor for an asynchronous job on the LeapYear server. It contains a unique job_id for a specific job and methods to check the results of or cancel the job at a later time.

class leapyear.jobs.AsyncJobStatus(status: AsyncJobState, result: Optional[ResultOrError], start_time: datetime, end_time: Optional[datetime])

Result of checking the status of an asynchronous job.

status

The current status of the job.

Return type

AsyncJobState

result

None if the job is still running, otherwise either the JobResult or a APIError error.

Return type

Optional[ResultOrError]

start_time

The time the job was started.

Return type

datetime

end_time

The time the job finished, or None if the job is still running.

Return type

Optional[datetime]

property elapsed_time

Return a timedelta representing the amount of time taken by the analysis.

Return type

timedelta

class leapyear.jobs.AsyncJobState(value)

The current state of a job.

AsyncJobStateRunning = 'AsyncJobStateRunning'

AsyncJobStateFinished = 'AsyncJobStateFinished'

AsyncJobStateFailed = 'AsyncJobStateFailed'

AsyncJobStateCancelled = 'AsyncJobStateCancelled'

Module leapyear.dataset

DataSet and Attribute.

DataSets combine a data source (Table) with data transformations which subsequent computations can be performed on. A data set has a schema which describes the types of attributes (columns) in the data source. Attributes can be manipulated as if they were built-in python types (int, float, bool, …). DataSet also provides the following lazy methods for transforming data:

• project(): select one or more attributes (columns) from the data source.

• where(): select rows that satisfy a filter condition.

• union(): combine two data sets with matching schemas.

• split(): create subsets whose size is a fraction of the total data size.

• splits(): yield all fractional partitions of the data set.

• stratified(): create subsets of the data with fixed attribute prevalence.

• group_by(): create aggregated views of the data set.

• join(): combine rows of two datasets where certain data elements match.

• transform(): apply a linear transformation to the specified data elements.

Further details for each transformation can be found in their respective documentation below. Transformations are lazy in the sense that they are not evaluated until a computation is executed; however, each transformation requires DataSet schema to be re-evaluated, which relies on a live connection to the LeapYear server.

Computations and machine learning analytics that process the data set are found in leapyear.analytics.

The examples below rely on a connection to LeapYear server, which can be established as follows:

>>> from leapyear import Client
>>> client = Client(url='http://ly-server:4401', username='admin', password='password')

Examples

• Load a dataset and examine its schema:

>>> pds = DataSet.from_table('db.table')
>>> pds.schema
OrderedDict([
    ('attr1', Type(tag=BOOL, contents=())),
    ('attr2', Type(tag=INT, contents=(0, 20))),
    ('attr3', Type(tag=REAL, contents=(-1, 1))),
])
>>> pds.attributes
['attr1', 'attr2', 'attr3']

• Create a new attribute and find its type:

>>> pds['attr2_gt_10'] = pds['attr2'] > 10
>>> pds.attributes
['attr1', 'attr2', 'attr3', 'attr2_gt_10']
>>> pds.schema['attr2_gt_10']
Type(tag=BOOL, contents=())

• Select instances using a predicate:

>>> pds_positive_attr3 = pds.where(pds['attr3'] > 0)
>>> pds_positive_attr3.schema['attr3']
Type(tag=REAL, contents=(0, 1))

• Calculate the mean of a single attribute:

>>> import leapyear.analytics as analytics
>>> mean_analysis = analytics.mean(pds_positive_attr3['attr3'])
>>> mean_analysis
computation: MEAN(attr3 > 0)
attributes:
    attr3: db.table.attr3 (0 <= x <= 1)
>>> mean_analysis.run()  # run the computation on the LeapYear server.
0.02

DataSet class

class leapyear.dataset.DataSet(relation)

DataSet object.

property relation

Get the DataSet relation.

Return type

Relation

property schema

Get the DataSet schema, including data types, values allowed.

Return type

Schema

classmethod from_view(cls, view)

Create a dataset from a view.

Parameters

view (Union[str, View]) – The view or the name of the view on the LeapYear server.

Returns

The dataset with a LeapYear view as its source.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

classmethod from_table(table, *, slices=None, all_slices=False)

Create a dataset from a table.

Parameters

• table – The table or the name of the table on the LeapYear server.

• slices – A list of ranges of table slices to use.

• all_slices – Set to True to use all slices in the Table at the time this is run. Note that if a new slice has been added, this will create a DataSet with the new slice, causing analyses to miss the analysis cache when rerunning.

Returns

The dataset with a LeapYear table as its source.

Return type

DataSet

property attributes

Return the DataSet attributes.

Return type

Iterable[Attribute]

get_attribute(key)

Select one attribute from the data set.

Parameters

key (Union[str, Attribute]) – The item to project.

Returns

The projected attribute.

Return type

Attribute

drop_attributes(keys)

Drop Attributes.

Parameters

keys (Iterable[str]) – A list of attribute names to drop.

Returns

New DataSet without the specified attributes.

Return type

DataSet

drop_attribute(key)

Drop an attribute.

Parameters

key (str) – The attribute name to drop.

Returns

New DataSet without the specified attribute.

Return type

DataSet

with_attributes(name_attrs)

Return a new DataSet with additional attributes.

Parameters

name_attrs (Mapping[str, Any]) – A dictionary associating new attribute names to expressions. Attribute expressions can include python literals and references to existing attributes.

Returns

The DataSet with new attributes appended.

Return type

DataSet

with_attribute(name, attr)

Return a new DataSet with an additional attribute.

Parameters

• name (str) – Name of the new attribute

• attr (Any) – Attribute expression, can include python literals and references to existing attributes.

Returns

New DataSet with new attribute appended.

Return type

DataSet

with_attributes_renamed(rename)

Rename attributes using a mapping.

Parameters

rename (Mapping[str, str]) – Dictionary mapping old names to new names.

Returns

New DataSet with renamed attributes.

Return type

DataSet

Examples

1. Create new dataset ds2 with renamed columns ‘ZipCode’ and ‘Name’ which were named ‘zip_code’ and ‘name’ respectively. Similarly, rename attributes in another dataset ds3. Then, finally these datasets can be merged using union:

>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes_renamed({'zip_code':'ZipCode','name':'Name'})
>>> ds4 = ds3.with_attributes_renamed({'zipcode':'ZipCode','name_str':'Name'})
>>> ds4 = ds4.union(ds2)

with_attribute_renamed(old_name, new_name)

Rename an attribute.

Parameters

• old_name (str) – Old attribute name.

• new_name (str) – New attribute name.

Returns

New DataSet with this attribute renamed.

Return type

DataSet

map_attributes(name_lambdas)

Map attributes and create a new DataSet.

Parameters

name_lambdas (Mapping[str, Callable[[Attribute], Attribute]]) – Mapping from attribute names to functions.

Returns

New DataSet with mapped attributes.

Return type

DataSet

map_attribute(name, func)

Map an attribute and create a new DataSet.

Parameters

• name (str) – The attribute name to map.

• func (Callable[[Attribute], Attribute]) – Function to convert the attribute.

Returns

New DataSet with mapped attributes.

Return type

DataSet

project(new_keys)

Select multiple attributes from the data set.

Projection (π): Creates a new DataSet with only selected attributes from this DataSet.

Parameters

new_keys (Iterable[str]) – The list of attributes.

Returns

The new DataSet containing only the selected attributes.

Return type

DataSet

select(*attrs)

Create a new DataSet by selecting column names or Attributes.

Parameters

attrs (Union[str, Attribute]) – Attribute name(s) or Attribute object(s), separated by comma.

Returns

The new DataSet containing the selected attributes.

Return type

DataSet

select_as(mapping)

Create a new DataSet by mapping from column names or Attributes to new names.

Parameters

mapping (Mapping[str, Union[str, Attribute]]) – A dictionary associating new attribute names to expressions. Attribute expressions can include python literals and references to existing attributes.

Returns

The new DataSet containing the selected attributes.

Return type

DataSet

where(clause)

Select/filter rows using a filter expression.

Selection (σ): LeapYear’s where clause creates a new DataSet based on the filter condition. Its schema may include smaller domain of possible values.

Parameters

clause (Attribute) – A filter Attribute: a single attribute of type BOOL.

Returns

A filtered DataSet.

Return type

DataSet

union(other, distinct=False)

Union or concatenate datasets.

Union (∪): Concatenates data sets with matching schema.

Parameters

• other (DataSet) –

  The dataset to union with. Note: schema of other must match that of self, including the order of the attributes. The order of attributes can be aligned like so:

  >>> ds2 = ds2[list(ds1.schema.keys())]
  >>> ds_union = ds1.union(ds2)
  

• distinct (bool) – Remove duplicate rows.

Returns

A combined dataset.

Return type

DataSet

join(other, on, right_on=None, join_type='inner', unique_left_keys=False, unique_right_keys=False, left_suffix='', right_suffix='', **kwargs)

Combine two DataSets by joining using a key, as in SQL JOIN statement.

If right_k (or left_k) is specified, the right (or left) data set will include no more than k rows for each matching row in the left (or right) data set.

Parameters

• other (DataSet) – The other DataSet to join with.

• on (Union[str, List[str]]) – The key(s) to join on. If using suffixes, the suffix must NOT be appended by the caller.

• right_on (Union[str, List[str], None]) – The key(s) on the right table, if different than those in on. None if both tables have the same key names. If using suffixes, the suffix must NOT be appended by the caller.

• join_type (str) –

  LeapYear supports a variety of joins listed in the left column in the table below. Any value of join_type from the right column will use that particular join. If no value is specified, an inner join will be used. A left_outer_public join can be run only on a right public table.

  Join	join_type
  Inner	"inner" (default)
  Outer	"outer", "full", "full_outer", or "fullouter"
  Left	"left", "left_outer", or "leftouter"
  Right	"right", "right_outer", or "rightouter"
  Left Antijoin	"left_anti" or "leftanti"
  Left Semijoin	"left_semi" or "leftsemi"
  Left Outer Public	"left_outer_public"

• unique_left_keys (bool) – If the left DataSet is known to have unique keys, setting this to True will run an optimized join algorithms. Warning: Setting this to True if the keys are not unique will cause data loss!

• unique_right_keys (bool) – If the right DataSet is known to have unique keys, setting this to True will run an optimized join algorithms. Warning: Setting this to True if the keys are not unique will cause some data rows to not show up in the output DataSet!

• left_suffix (str) – Optional suffix to append to the column names of the left DataSet.

• right_suffix (str) – Optional suffix to append to the column names of the right DataSet.

• -> cache (kwargs) – Optional StorageLevel for persisting intermediate datasets for performance enhancement. The meaning of these values is documented in the Spark RDD programming guide.

Returns

The joined DataSet.

Return type

DataSet

Examples

1. Joining two datasets on a common key:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key', 'col1', 'col2']

2. Joining two datasets on a single key but with a different name on the right:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key1', right_on='key2')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1', 'col1', 'key2', 'col2']

3. Joining when a column is duplicated is an error:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key', 'col1', 'col3'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key', 'col2', 'col3'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key')
APIError: Invalid schema: repeated aliases: col3

4. Joining when the key is missing from one relation: Fails because in this case a right key has to be specified.

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key1')
APIError: Error parsing scope, missing variable declaration for `key1`

5. Joining with multiple keys:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1_1', 'key2_1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key1_2', 'key2_2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, ['key1_1', 'key2_1'], right_on=['key1_2', 'key2_2'])
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1_1', 'key2_1', 'col1', 'key1_2', 'key2_2', 'col2']

6. Joining with different number of keys results in an error:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1_1', 'key2_1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key1_2', 'key2_2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, ['key1_1', 'key2_1'], right_on='key1_2')
APIError: Invalid schema: join key length mismatch ...

7. Joining with specifying that the keys are unique:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key1', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key1', unique_left_keys=True, unique_right_keys=True)
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1', 'col1', 'col2']

8. Different join types:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key1', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key1', join_type='outer')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1', 'col1', 'col2']

9. Left semi join:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key1', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key1', join_type='left_semi')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1', 'col1']

10. Joining when the nullability of keys is different:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.select([col('key1').decode({0: 0}).alias('nkey1'), 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'nkey', right_on='key2')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['nkey1', 'col1', 'key2', 'col2']

11. Joining when keys have different but coercible types:

>>> realKey1 = col('intKey1').as_real().alias('realKey1')
>>> ds1 = example_ds1.select([realKey1, 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['intKey2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'realKey1', right_on='intKey2')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['intKey1', 'col1', 'intKey2', 'col2']

12. Joining when keys are factors (upcasted to common type):

>>> keyFactor1 = col('key1').decode({k: 'A' for k in range(10)}).
>>>                as_factor().alias('keyFactor1')
>>> keyFactor2 = col('key2').decode({k: 'B' for k in range(10)}).
>>>                as_factor().alias('keyFactor2')
>>> ds1 = example_ds1.select([keyFactor1, 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.select([keyFactor2, 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'keyFactor1', right_on='keyFactor2')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key1', 'col1', 'key2', 'col2']

13. Joining when the keys have mismatched types is an error (e.g. factor and bool):

>>> keyFactor1 = col('key1').as_factor().alias('keyFactor1')
>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key1', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key2', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds3, 'keyFactor1', right_on='key2')
APIError: Invalid schema: join column type mismatch ...

14. Joining with suffixes to disambiguate column names:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key', left_suffix='_l', right_suffix='_r')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key_l', 'col1_l', 'key_r', 'col2_r']

15. Joining with only left suffixes to disambiguate column names:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key', left_suffix='_l')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key_l', 'col1_l', 'key', 'col2']

16. Joining with only right suffixes to disambiguate column names:

>>> ds1 = example_ds1.project(['key', 'col1'])
>>> ds2 = example_ds2.project(['key', 'col2'])
>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, 'key', right_suffix='_r')
>>> list(ds.schema.keys())
['key', 'col1', 'key_r', 'col2_r']

17. Joining with specific cache level for intermediate caches:

>>> ds = ds1.join(ds2, on="key", cache=StorageLevel.DISK_ONLY, n_partitions=1)

Unsupported Backends

Conditional support for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake — All functionality available except for the ‘cache’ keyword arg.

prepare_join(join_on, k, n_partitions)

Prepare DataSet for join.

Parameters

• join_on (Union[str, List[str]]) – The key(s) to join on. If using suffixes, the suffix must NOT be appended by the caller.

• k (int) – The k value to filter the DataSet.

• n_partitions (int) – Number of partitions to repartition the DataSet.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

DataSet

unpersist_join_cache(other, on, right_on=None, join_type='inner', unique_left_keys=False, unique_right_keys=False, left_suffix='', right_suffix='', **kwargs)

Unpersist intermediate caches used by .join().

NOTE: use same parameters as join call to unpersist

Parameters

• other (DataSet) – The other DataSet to join with.

• on (Union[str, List[str]]) – The key(s) to join on. If using suffixes, the suffix must NOT be appended by the caller.

• right_on (Union[str, List[str], None]) – The key(s) on the right table, if different than those in on. None if both tables have the same key names. If using suffixes, the suffix must NOT be appended by the caller.

• join_type (str) –

  LeapYear supports a variety of joins listed in the left column in the table below. Any value of join_type from the right column will use that particular join. If no value is specified, an inner join will be used. A left_outer_public join can be run only on a right public table.

  Join	join_type
  Inner	"inner" (default)
  Outer	"outer", "full", "full_outer", or "fullouter"
  Left	"left", "left_outer", or "leftouter"
  Right	"right", "right_outer", or "rightouter"
  Left Antijoin	"left_anti" or "leftanti"
  Left Semijoin	"left_semi" or "leftsemi"
  Left Outer Public	"left_outer_public"

• unique_left_keys (bool) – If the left DataSet is known to have unique keys, setting this to True will run an optimized join algorithms. Warning: Setting this to True if the keys are not unique will cause data loss!

• unique_right_keys (bool) – If the right DataSet is known to have unique keys, setting this to True will run an optimized join algorithms. Warning: Setting this to True if the keys are not unique will cause some data rows to not show up in the output DataSet!

• left_suffix (str) – Optional suffix to append to the column names of the left DataSet.

• right_suffix (str) – Optional suffix to append to the column names of the right DataSet.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

DataSet

group_by(*grouping)

Aggregate data by a categorical column(s).

Parameters

grouping (Union[str, Attribute]) – The attribute or attributes to group by, separated by comma.

Returns

A new GroupedData object with groupings as specified. It can be used with agg function to create a DataSet with derived aggregate attributes, see examples below.

Return type

GroupedData

Examples

1. Group by multiple columns (‘col1’ and ‘col2’) in Dataset ds and aggregate ‘col3’ and ‘col4’:

>>> ds_group = ds.group_by('col1', 'col2').agg((['col3'], 'count'), (['col4'], 'count'))

2. Group by single column ‘col1’ in Dataset and compute aggregate of ‘col3’ and ‘col4’:

>>> ds_group = ds.group_by('col1').agg((['col3'], 'max'), (['col4'], 'mean'))

split(index, proportions, complement=False)

Split and select one partition of the dataset.

Selection (σ): Splits are specified by proportions.

Parameters

• index (int) – The split number

• proportions (List[int]) – The proportions to split the dataset by, represented as a list of integers. For example, [1,1,2] will split into 3 datasets with 1/4, 1/4 and 1/2 of the data in each, respectively.

• complement (bool) – If True, returns a DataSet which is the complement of the split (e.g. all rows not in the split). Default: False.

Returns

The ith-partition of the dataset.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

splits(proportions)

Split the dataset and return an iterator over the resulting partitions.

Selection (σ): Splits are specified by proportions.

Parameters

proportions (List[int]) – The proportions to split the dataset by, represented as a list of integers. For example, [1,1,2] will split into 3 datasets with 1/4, 1/4 and 1/2 of the data in each, respectively.

Returns

Iterator over the DataSet objects representing partitions.

Return type

Iterator[DataSet]

Examples

1. Create 80/20 split of a Dataset ds1:

>>> traintest, holdout = ds1.splits((8,2))

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

stratified_split(index, proportions, stratified, complement=False)

Split by stratifying a categorical attribute.

Selection (σ): Each split will contain approximately the same proportion of values from each category.

As an example, for Boolean stratification, each split will contain the same proportion of True/False values.

Parameters

• index (int) – The split number

• proportions (List[int]) – The proportions to split the dataset by, represented as a list of integers. For example, [1,1,2] will split into 3 datasets with 1/4, 1/4 and 1/2 of the data in each, respectively.

• stratified (str) – The column to stratify against. Must be Boolean or Factor. Must not be nullable.

• complement (bool) – If True, returns a DataSet which is the complement of the split (e.g. all rows not in the split). Default: False.

Returns

The ith-partition of the dataset.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

stratified_splits(proportions, stratified)

Split by stratifying a categorical attribute.

Selection (σ). For boolean stratification, each split will maintain the same proportion of True/False values.

Parameters

• proportions (List[int]) – The proportions to split the dataset by, represented as a list of integers. For example, [1,1,2] will split into 3 datasets with 1/4, 1/4 and 1/2 of the data in each, respectively.

• stratified (str) – The column to stratify against. Must be Boolean or Factor. Must not be nullable.

Returns

Iterator over the DataSet objects representing partitions.

Return type

Iterable[DataSet]

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

kfold(n_folds=3)

Split the dataset into train/test pairs using k-fold strategy.

Each fold can then be used as a validation set once while k-1 remaining folds form the training set. If the dataset has size N, each (train, test) pair will be sized N*(k-1)/k and N/k respectively.

Parameters

n_folds (int) – Number of folds. Must be at least 2.

Returns

Iterator over the k pairs of (train, test) partitions.

Return type

Iterable[Tuple[DataSet, DataSet]]

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

stratified_kfold(stratified, n_folds=3)

Split the dataset into train/test pairs using k-fold stratified splits.

Each fold can then be used as a validation set once while k-1 remaining folds form the training set. If the dataset has size N, each (train, test) pair will be sized N*(k-1)/k and N/k respectively.

Parameters

• stratified (str) – The column to stratify against. Must be Boolean or Factor. Must not be nullable.

• n_folds (int) – Number of folds. Must be at least 2.

Returns

The iterator over the k pairs of (train, test) partitions.

Return type

Iterable[Tuple[DataSet, DataSet]]

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

rows_async(*, limit=None)

Retrieve rows.

If the user has permission to do so, the function returns a generator of OrderedDict objects representing the attribute names and values from each row. The generator requires connection to the server over its entire lifetime.

Parameters

• limit (Optional[int]) – Maximum number of rows to output.

• max_timeout_sec – Specifies the maximum amount of time (in seconds) the user is willing to wait for a response. If set to None, wait will poll the server indefinitely. Defaults to None.

Returns

The iterator over the rows of the input dataset, each row being represented as an OrderedDict objects mapping attribute names to their values in this row.

Return type

Iterator[Mapping[str, Value]]

rows(limit=None, max_timeout_sec=None)

Retrieve rows.

Same as rows_async(), except waits on the job.

Return type

Iterator[Mapping[str, Value]]

rows_pandas(limit=None)

Retrieve rows as a pandas DataFrame.

Parameters

limit (Optional[int]) – Maximum number of rows to output.

Returns

The rows of the input dataset.

Return type

DataFrame

head(n=10)

Retrieve rows, if the user has permission to do so, see rows().

Parameters

n (int) – Maximum number of rows to output.

Returns

The iterator over the rows of the input dataset, each row being represented as an OrderedDict objects mapping attribute names to their values in this row.

Return type

Iterator[Mapping[str, Value]]

head_pandas(n=10)

Retrieve rows, if the user has permission to do so, see rows_pandas().

Parameters

n (int) – Maximum number of rows to output.

Returns

The rows of the input dataset.

Return type

DataFrame

example_rows()

Retrieve 10 rows of example data from the DataSet.

The returned data is based only on the public metadata. The generated data does not depend on the true data at all and should not be used for data inference.

The function requires an active connection to the LeapYear server.

Does not support TEXT attributes - consider dropping them using drop_attributes() before running example_rows().

Returns

The iterator over the rows of the generated dataset; each row is represented as an OrderedDict objects mapping attribute names to their generated values.

Return type

Iterator[Mapping[str, Any]]

Example

>>> pds = DataSet.from_table('db.table')
>>> pds.example_rows()

To turn the data into a pandas DataFrame, use

>>> import pandas
>>> df = pandas.DataFrame.from_dict(pds.example_rows())

Alternatively, use example_rows_pandas().

example_rows_pandas()

Retrieve 10 rows of example data from the DataSet. See example_rows().

Returns

The example rows.

Return type

DataFrame

transform(attrs, transformation, name)

Apply linear transformation to a list of attributes based on a matrix.

Parameters

• attrs (List[Attribute]) – Expressions to use as input to the matrix multiplication, in order.

• transformation (List[List[float]]) – Matrix to use to define linear transformation via matrix multiplication - e.g. output of leapyear.analytics.pca().

• name (str) – Common prefix for the name of the attributes to be created.

Returns

DataSet with transformed attributes appended.

Return type

DataSet

sample(fraction, *, with_replacement=False, seed=None)

Return a sampled subset of the rows.

Parameters

• fraction (float) – Fraction of rows to generate.

• with_replacement (bool) – Allow sampling rows with replacement, creating duplicated rows.

• seed (Optional[int]) – Optional seed of the random number generator. If not supplied, a random seed will be used.

Returns

DataSet containing sampled subset of the rows.

Return type

DataSet

distinct()

Return a DataSet that contains only the unique rows from this Dataset.

Return type

DataSet

drop_duplicates(subset=None)

Return a DataSet with duplicates in the provided columns dropped.

If all columns are named or subset is None, this is equivalent to distinct().

Errors when subset is an empty list.

Parameters

subset (Optional[List[str]]) – Subset of columns, or None if all columns should be used.

Return type

DataSet

except_(ds)

Return a DataSet of rows in this DataSet but not in another DataSet.

Parameters

ds (DataSet) – DataSet to compare with.

Returns

DataSet containing rows in this DataSet but not in another DataSet.

Return type

DataSet

difference(ds)

Return a DataSet of rows in this DataSet but not in another DataSet.

Parameters

ds (DataSet) – DataSet to compare with.

Returns

DataSet containing rows in this DataSet but not in another DataSet.

Return type

DataSet

symmetric_difference(ds)

Return the symmetric difference of the two DataSets.

Parameters

ds (DataSet) – DataSet to compare with.

Returns

DataSet containing rows that are not in the intersection of the two DataSets.

Return type

DataSet

intersect(ds)

Return intersection of the two DataSets.

Parameters

ds (DataSet) – DataSet to compare with.

Returns

DataSet containing rows that are in the intersection of the two DataSets.

Return type

DataSet

order_by(*attrs)

Order DataSet by the given expressions.

Parameters

attrs (Union[str, Attribute]) – Attribute expressions to order by, separated by commas.

Returns

DataSet sorted by the given expressions.

Return type

DataSet

limit(n)

Limit the number of rows.

Parameters

n (int) – Number of rows to limit to.

Returns

DataSet filtered to the first n rows.

Return type

DataSet

cache(storageLevel=StorageLevel.MEMORY_AND_DISK)

Cache a Dataset on disk on the server-side.

Parameters

storageLevel (StorageLevel) –

StorageLevel for persisting datasets. The meaning of these values is documented in the Spark RDD programming guide.

Returns

DataSet, which indicates to the system to lazily cache the DataSet

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

unpersist()

Immediately begins unpersisting the DataSet on the server-side.

Returns

Return type

None

Example

Build a cache and unpersist it

>>> la.count_rows(ds.cache()).run()
>>> la.mean(ds["foo"]).run()          # this will hit the cache
>>> ds.unpersist()
>>> la.sum(ds["foo"]).run()           # this will no longer hit the cache

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

repartition(numPartitions, *attrs)

Repartition a Dataset by hashing the columns.

Returns

DataSet partitioned according to the specified parameters.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

sortWithinPartitions(*attrs)

Sorts Dataset rows by the provided columns within partitions, not globally.

Returns

DataSet sorted within partitions.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

replace(col, replacement)

Replace values matching keys in replacement map.

Parameters

• col (str) – The name of the column to work with.

• replacement (Mapping[Union[float, bool, int, str, datetime, date], Union[Attribute, Expression, float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]]) – A mapping associating each value to be replaced – with an expression it should be replaced with.

Returns

New Dataset where specified values in a given column are replaced according to the replacement map.

Return type

DataSet

fill(col, value)

Fill missing values in a given column.

Parameters

• col – The name of the column to work with.

• value (Union[Attribute, Expression, float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]) – Expression to fill NULL values of the column with.

Returns

A new DataSet where NULL values in a given column are replaced with the specified expression.

Return type

DataSet

drop(*cols, how='any')

Drop rows where specified columns contain NULL values.

Parameters

• cols (Union[str, Attribute]) – Attributes to consider when dropping rows.

• how (str) – If 'any', rows with NULL values in any of the specified columns will be dropped. If 'all', rows with NULL values in all of the specified columns will be dropped.

Returns

A new DataSet filtered to rows where specified columns contain NULL values (any or all, depending on the value of the how parameter).

Return type

DataSet

join_pandas(from_col, dataframe, key_col, value_col)

Join a column of pandas data with the data set.

See join_data for extended details.

Parameters

• from_col (Union[Attribute, str]) – An expression or attribute name in the data set to join the data to. The type of this column should match the keys in the mapping.

• dataframe (DataFrame) – The pandas DataFrame that contains values to map to in this data set. The DataFrame cannot be empty and has a limit of 100,000 rows.

• key_col (str) – The name of the pandas column to obtain the keys to match from_col. If duplicated keys occur, only one key from the data set is used in the join.

• value_col (str) – The name of the pandas column to obtain the values of the mapping.

Returns

The original data set with a new column containing analyst-supplied values.

Return type

DataSet

join_data(from_col, new_col, mapping)

Join key-value data to the data set.

Analyst supplied data can be added to an existing sensitive data set without a loss to privacy. This is a replacement for the decode expression when there are many keys (>100).

Values matching the keys of the dictionary mapping are replaced by the associated values. Values that do not match any of the keys are replaced by NULL. Keys and values may be python literals supported by the LeapYear client, or other Attributes.

Note

If the combination of keys assure there should be no NULL values, the client will not automatically convert the result of join_data to a non-nullable type. The user must use coalesce to remove NULL from the domain of possible values.

Parameters

• from_col (Union[Attribute, str]) – An expression or attribute name in the data set to join the data to. The type of this column should match the keys in the mapping.

• new_col (str) – The name of the new attribute that is added to the returned data set with the same type as the mapping values.

• mapping (Mapping[Union[float, bool, int, str, datetime, date], Union[float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]]) – Python dictionary of key-value pairs to add to the data set. The keys should be unique. The mapping cannot be empty and has a limit of 100,000 keys.

Returns

The original data set with a new column containing analyst-supplied values.

Return type

DataSet

Example

Suppose that we have a table with a Sex column containing the values male and female:

Sex	Age
male	22
female	38
female	26
female	35
male	35

We’d like to encode the abbreviations (coming from the first letter) as a new column, coming from a pandas DataFrame of the following form:

Sex	first_letter
male	m
female	f

To do so, we call this function, assuming the LeapYear DataSet is called ds, and we wish to call the new column sex_first_letter:

new_ds = ds.join_data("Sex", "sex_first_letter", {"female": "f", "male": "m"})

This will produce a DataSet which looks like:

Sex	Age	sex_first_letter
male	22	m
female	38	f
female	26	f
female	35	f
male	35	m

predict(model, attrs=None, name='predict')

Return a DataSet with a prediction column for the model.

Parameters

• model (Union[ClusterModel, GLM, RandomForestClassifier, RandomForestRegressor, GradientBoostedTreeClassifier]) – The model to predict outcomes with.

• attrs (Optional[List[Union[Attribute, str]]]) – The attributes to use in the transformation, or None if all the attributes should be used.

• name (str) – Name or common prefix of the attribute(s) to be created.

Returns

The original dataset with the prediction column(s) appended.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

predict_proba(model, attrs=None, name='proba')

Return a DataSet with prediction probability columns for the model.

Parameters

• model (Union[GLM, RandomForestClassifier, GradientBoostedTreeClassifier]) – The model to predict outcomes with.

• attrs (Optional[List[Union[Attribute, str]]]) – The attributes to use in the transformation, or None if all the attributes should be used.

• name (str) – Name or common prefix of the attribute(s) to be created.

Returns

The original dataset with the prediction probability column(s) appended.

Return type

DataSet

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Attribute class

class leapyear.dataset.Attribute(expr, relation, *, ordering=OrderSpec(osDirection=SortDirection.Asc, osNullOrdering=None), name=None)

An attribute of a Dataset.

This exists for transformations to be performed on single attributes of the dataset. For example, the attribute height might be measured in meters however centimeters might be more appropriate, so an intermediate Attribute can be extracted from the DataSet and manipulated.

All attribute manipulations are lazy; they are not evaluated until they are needed to perform an analysis on the LeapYear server.

classmethod clear_cache()

Clear the memo cache of attribute types.

Return type

None

property type

Get the data type of this attribute.

Return type

AttributeType

property expression

Get the Attribute’s expression.

Return type

Expression

property relation

Get the relation this Attribute originates from.

Return type

Optional[Relation]

property ordering

Get the ordering of this attribute.

Return type

OrderSpec

property name

Get the name or alias of this attribute.

Return type

str

alias(name)

Associate an alias with an attribute.

Parameters

name (str) – The name to associate with an attribute.

Return type

Attribute

is_not()

Return the boolean inverse of the attribute.

Return type

Attribute

sign()

Return the sign of each element (1, 0 or -1).

Return type

Attribute

floor()

Apply the floor transformation to the attribute.

Each attribute value is transformed to the largest integer less than or equal to the attribute value.

Return type

Attribute

ceil()

Apply the ceiling transformation to the attribute.

Each attribute value is transformed to the smallest integer greater than or equal to the attribute value.

Return type

Attribute

exp()

Apply exponent transformation to an attribute.

Return type

Attribute

expm1()

Apply exponent transformation to an attribute and subtract one.

Return type

Attribute

sqrt()

Apply square root transformation to an attribute.

Return type

Attribute

log()

Apply natural logarithm transformation to an attribute.

Return type

Attribute

log1p()

Apply natural logarithm transformation to an attribute and add 1.

Return type

Attribute

sigmoid()

Apply sigmoid transformation to an attribute.

Return type

Attribute

replace(mapping)

Replace specified values with the new values or attribute expressions.

Values matching the keys of the mapping and replaced by the associated values. Values that do not match any of the keys are kept.

Keys and values may be python literals supported by the LeapYear client, or other Attributes.

Parameters

mapping (Mapping[Union[float, bool, int, str, datetime, date], Union[Attribute, Expression, float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]]) – A mapping from values of this attribute’s type (T) to another set of values and a different type (U). U may be a python literal type (int, bool, datetime, …) or another Attribute.

Returns

The converted attribute.

Return type

Attribute

property microsecond

Return the microseconds part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property second

Return the seconds part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property minute

Return the minutes part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property hour

Return the hours part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property day

Return the days part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property month

Return the months part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

property year

Return the years part of a temporal type.

Return type

Attribute

greatest(attrs)

Take the elementwise maximum.

Return NULL if and only if all attribute values are NULL.

Return type

Attribute

least(attrs)

Take the elementwise minimum.

Return NULL if and only if all entries are NULL.

Return type

Attribute

coalesce(fallthrough, attrs=None)

Convert all NULL values of an attribute to a value.

This function will extend the type of the attribute if necessary and drop the nullable tag from the attribute data type.

Parameters

• fallthrough (Any) – The value of the same type as this attribute that all NULL values get converted into.

• attrs (Optional[List[Attribute]]) – The list of attributes to try before the fallthrough case.

Returns

The non-nullable attribute with extended type range (if necessary).

Return type

Attribute

Examples

1. Use coalesce to replace missing values with ‘1’ and create a new attribute ‘col1_trn’:

>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn':ds1['col1'].coalesce('1')})

isnull()

Boolean check whether an attribute value is NULL.

Return a boolean attribute which resolves to True whenever the underlying attribute value is NULL.

Return type

Attribute

notnull()

Boolean inverse of isnull().

Return type

Attribute

decode(mapping)

Map specified values to the new values or attribute expressions.

Values matching the keys of the mapping and replaced by the associated values.

Values that do not match any of the keys are replaced by NULL.

Keys and values may be python literals supported by the LeapYear client, or other Attributes.

If the combination of keys assure there should be no NULL values, the client will not automatically convert the result of decode to a non-nullable type. The user must use coalesce to remove NULL from the domain of possible values.

Parameters

mapping (Mapping[Any, Any]) – A mapping from values of this attribute’s type (T) to another set of values and a different type (U). U may be a python literal type (int, bool, datetime, …) or another Attribute.

Returns

The converted attribute.

Return type

Attribute

Examples

1. Create a new column ‘col1_trn’ that is based on values in ‘col1’. If the value matches ‘pattern’ we assign the same string otherwise we assign ‘Other’ using the decode function:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> some_func = lambda x: (x != 'pattern').decode({True:'Other', False:'pattern'})
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn': some_func(f.col('col1'))})

2. Create a new column ‘col1_trn’ that is based on values in ‘col1’. If the value == 0 then ‘col1_trn’ takes the value 0. Otherwise, it takes the value of ‘col2’:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> some_func = lambda x: (x==0).decode({True:0,False:f.col('col2')})
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn': some_func(f.col('col1'))})

3. Create a new column ‘col1_trn’ that is based on values in ‘col1’ and ‘col2. Based on an expression involving ‘col1’ and ‘col2’, ‘col1_trn’ takes the value ‘col1 or ‘col2’:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> def some_func(x,y):
        return ((x==0)&(y!=0)).decode({True:f.col('col1'),False:f.col('col2')})
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn': some_func(f.col('col1'),f.col('col2'))})

is_in(options)

Boolean check whether an attribute value is in a list.

Return a boolean attribute which resolves to True whenever the underlying attribute matches one of the list entries.

Return type

Attribute

text_to_bool()

Convert the attribute to a boolean.

Strings that match (case insensitively) “1”, “y”, “yes”, “t”, or “true” are converted to True;

Strings that match (case insensitively) “0”, “n”, “no”, “f”, or “false” are converted to False. Other strings are treated as NULL.

Return type

Attribute

text_to_real(lb, ub)

Convert a text attribute to a real-valued attribute.

Parameters

• lb (float) – The lower bound for the domain of possible values of the new attribute. All values below this will be converted to NULL.

• ub (float) – The upper bound for the domain of possible values of the new attribute. All values below this will be converted to NULL.

Return type

Attribute

text_to_factor(distinct_vals_list)

Convert a text attribute to a factor attribute.

Parameters

distinct_vals_list (Iterable[str]) – Input list of distinct values the input text column takes. Rows with values that are not in this list will be filled with nulls.

Return type

Attribute

text_to_int(lb, ub)

Convert a text attribute to an integer-valued attribute.

NOTE: integers close to MAX_INT64 or MIN_INT64 are not represented precisely.

Parameters

• lb (int) – The lower bound for the domain of possible values of the new attribute. All values below this will be converted to NULL.

• ub (int) – The upper bound for the domain of possible values of the new attribute. All values below this will be converted to NULL.

Return type

Attribute

as_real()

Convert the attribute to a real.

Return type

Attribute

as_factor()

Represent this attribute as a factor attribute.

Converts the attribute of type INT or BOOL to FACTOR.

Note: For more complex conversions, consider decode().

Examples

1. Convert an attribute ‘col1’ in ds1 to factor:

>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_fac':ds1['col1'].as_factor()})

Return type

Attribute

asc()

Sort ascending.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in ascending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset.

Examples

1. Order a dataset by multiple cols and drop duplicates:

>>> ds2 = ds1.order_by(ds1['col1'].asc(),ds1['col2'].asc(),ds1['col3'].asc())
>>> ds2 = ds2.drop_duplicates(['col2'])

Return type

Attribute

asc_nulls_first()

Sort ascending, missing values first.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in ascending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset, with NULL values first.

Return type

Attribute

asc_nulls_last()

Sort ascending, missing values last.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in ascending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset, with NULL values last.

Return type

Attribute

desc()

Sort descending.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in descending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset.

Return type

Attribute

desc_nulls_first()

Sort descending, missing values first.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in descending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset, with NULL values first.

Return type

Attribute

desc_nulls_last()

Sort descending, missing values last.

Causes the attribute to be sorted in descending order when the sorting order is applied to the dataset, with NULL values last.

Return type

Attribute

class leapyear.dataset.AttributeType(*args, **kwargs)

The type of an Attribute.

An AttributeType is a read-only object returned by the server, and should never be constructed directly.

property name

Get the name of an AttributeType, e.g. INT.

Return type

str

property nullable

Get the nullability of an AttributeType.

Return type

bool

property domain

Get the domain of an AttributeType.

The return type is dependent on the name of the type. e.g. the domain of an INT AttributeType is a tuple of the lower and upper bound, like (0, 10).

Return type

Any

Aliases

leapyear.dataset.attribute.AttributeLike(*args, **kwargs)

Attribute-like objects are those that can be readily converted to an attribute.

These include existing attributes, dates, strings, integers, floats and expressions based on these objects.

Grouping and Windowing classes

class leapyear.dataset.GroupedData(grouping, rel)

The result of a DataSet.group_by().

Run agg() to get a DataSet.

agg(*attr_aggs, max_count=None, **kwargs)

Specify the aggregations to perform on the GroupedData.

Parameters

• attr_aggs (Tuple[List[Union[Attribute, str]], Union[str, Aggregation]]) –

  A list of pairs. The second element of the pair is the aggregation to perform; the first is a list of columns on which to perform it. This is a list and not just a single attribute to support nullary and binary aggregations.

  Available aggregations:

  • min

  • max

  • and

  • or

  • count_distinct

  • approx_count_distinct

  • count

  • mean

  • stddev

  • stddev_samp

  • stddev_pop

  • variance

  • var_samp

  • var_pop

  • skewness

  • kurtosis

  • sum

  • sum_distinct

  • covar_samp

  • covar_pop

  • corr

• max_count (Optional[int]) –

  If count aggregate is requested, this parameter will be used as an upper bound in the schema of the derived aggregate count attribute(s) of the grouped DataSet. If not supplied, the upper bound would be inferred from the data before returning the resulting DataSet object.

  Note

  When this parameter is set too high, differentially private computations on the derived aggregate attribute would include higher randomization effect. When it is set too low, all counts higher than max_count will be replaced by max_count.

• kwargs (Any) – All keyword arguments are passed to the function run when the parameter max_count has to be inferred from the data. This includes max_timeout_sec, which defaults to 300 seconds.

Returns

A DataSet object, containing aggregation results.

Return type

DataSet

Example

To compute correlation of height and weight as well as the count, run:

>>> gd.agg((['height','weight'], 'corr'), ([], 'count'))

class leapyear.dataset.Window

Utility functions for defining WindowSpec.

Examples

>>> # ORDER BY date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
>>> window = Window.order_by("date").rows_between(
>>>     Window.unbounded_preceding, Window.current_row,
>>> )

>>> # PARTITION BY country ORDER BY date ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 3 FOLLOWING
>>> window = Window.order_by("date").partition_by("country").rows_between(-3, 3)

classmethod partition_by(*cols)

Create a WindowSpec with the partitioning defined.

Parameters

cols (Union[Attribute, Expression, float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]) – each attribute that should be used to partition windows. If using an attribute name, user must use leapyear.functions.col in order to reference the attribute.

Return type

WindowSpec

classmethod order_by(*cols)

Create a WindowSpec with the ordering defined.

Parameters

cols (Union[Attribute, Expression, float, bool, int, str, datetime, date]) – each attribute that should be used to order within a window. If using an attribute name, user must use leapyear.functions.col in order to reference the attribute.

Return type

WindowSpec

classmethod rows_between(start, end)

Create a WindowSpec with the frame boundaries defined.

Create a WindowSpec with the frame boundaries defined, from start (inclusive) to end (inclusive). Both start and end are relative positions from the current row. For example, “0” means “current row”, while “-1” means the row before the current row, and “5” means the fifth row after the current row. We recommend users use Window.unboundedPreceding, Window.unboundedFollowing, and Window.currentRow to specify special boundary values, rather than using integral values directly.

Note: windows of 1000 rows or more are not currently supported for expressions other than lead and lag.

Parameters

• start (int) – boundary start, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is Window.unboundedPreceding, or any value less than or equal to -9223372036854775808.

• end (int) – boundary end, inclusive. The frame is unbounded if this is Window.unboundedFollowing, or any value greater than or equal to 9223372036854775807.

Return type

WindowSpec

Module leapyear.functions

Functions for Attributes.

Datetime functions

Time functions for Attributes.

leapyear.functions.time.add_months(start_date, num_months)

Return the date that is num_months after start_date.

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-02-29 23:59:59'
>>> add_months(dt, 1)
'2004-03-29'
>>> add_months(dt, 13)
'2005-03-01'

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.date_add(start, days)

Return the date that is days days after start.

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-02-28 23:59:59'
>>> date_add(dt, 1)
'2004-02-29'
>>> date_add(dt, 2)
'2004-03-01'

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.date_sub(start, days)

Return the date that is days days before start.

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-03-01 23:59:59'
>>> date_sub(dt, 1)
'2004-02-29'
>>> date_sub(dt, 2)
'2004-02-29'

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.datediff(end, start)

Return the number of days from start to end.

Examples

1. Create date diff column ‘date_sub’ that is a difference between datetime column ‘col1’ and datetime column ‘col2’ in ds1:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'date_sub':f.time.datediff(f.col('col1'),f.col('col2'))})

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.dayofmonth(e)

Extract the day of the month as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.dayofyear(e)

Extract the day of the year as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.hour(e)

Extract the hours as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.last_day(e)

Return the last day of the month which the given date belongs to.

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-02-01 23:59:59'
>>> last_day(dt)
'2004-02-29'

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.minute(e)

Extract the minutes as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.month(e)

Extract the month as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.months_between(date1, date2)

Return integer number of months between dates date1 and date2.

This is based on both the day and the month, not the number of days between the dates. Note in the last line of the examples that there is 1 month between dateC and dateB even though there are only 29 days between them. The result is negative if date1 is >=1 month before date2. The number of months is always rounded down to the nearest integer.

Examples

>>> str(dateA)
'2004-01-01'
>>> str(dateB)
'2004-02-01'
>>> str(dateC)
'2004-03-02'
>>> months_between(dateA, dateB)
-1
>>> months_between(dateB, dateA)
1
>>> months_between(dateC, dateB)
1

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.next_day(date, day_of_week)

Return the next date that falls on the specified day of the week.

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-02-23 23:59:59'
>>> next_day(dt, "Sunday")
'2004-02-29'

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.quarter(e)

Extract the quarter as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.second(e)

Extract the seconds as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.to_date(e)

Convert the column into Date type.

Examples

1. Create truncated column ‘date_trunc’ from a datetime column ‘col1’ in ds1:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'date_trunc':f.time.to_date(f.col('col1'))})

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.to_datetime(ts)

Convert the column into Datetime type.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.trunc(date, fmt)

Return date truncated to the unit specified by the format.

fmt can be one of: “year”, “month”, “day”

NOTE: This function can take a datetime as input, but produces a date output regardless.

Examples

>>> str(dt)
'2004-02-29 23:59:59'
>>> trunc(dt, "month")
'2004-02-01'

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.weekofyear(e)

Extract the week number as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Week numbers range from 1 to (up to) 53, and new weeks start on Monday. Dates at the begining / end of a year may be considered to be part of a week from the previous / next year. Full documentation of week numbering can be found here.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.year(e)

Extract the year as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.yearofweek(e)

Extract the year based on the ISO week numbering where a week associated the previous year may spill over into the next calendar year.

Full documentation of week numbering can be found here.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.year_with_week(e)

Extract the year and the ISO week from a Date column and returns a Factor which combines the two.

For example, given a row containing ‘dt(2021,1,1)’ this function returns ‘2020-53’.

Full documentation with week numbering can be found here.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.dayofweek(e)

Extract the day of the week number as an integer from a given date/datetime attribute, where Monday = 1, …, Sunday = 7.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.time.parse_clamped_time(e, bounds, *, fmt=None)

Parse a Text column and return a DateTime column using the given format clamped to bounds.

Format specification and default format depends on the back end:

Spark

default format: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss (Java reference)

Snowflake

default format: yyyy-MM-DD HH:MI:SS (Snowflake reference)

Examples

>>> import datetime.datetime as dt
>>> parse_clamped_time(f.col("date"), bounds=(dt(2000, 1, 1), dt(2020, 12, 31)), fmt="yyyMMdd HHmmss")

Return type

Attribute

Math functions

Math functions for Attributes.

leapyear.functions.math.acos(e)

Compute the cosine inverse of the given value.

The returned angle is in the range 0 through \(\pi\).

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.asin(e)

Compute the sine inverse of the given value.

The returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.atan(e)

Compute the tangent inverse of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.cbrt(e)

Compute the cube-root of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.ceil(e)

Compute the ceiling of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.cos(e)

Compute the cosine of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.cosh(e)

Compute the hyperbolic cosine of the given value.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.degrees(e)

Convert an angle measured in radians to an equivalent angle measured in degrees.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.exp(e)

Compute the exponential of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.expm1(e)

Compute the exponential of the given value minus one.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.floor(e)

Compute the floor of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.hypot(x, y)

Compute sqrt(x^2 + y^2) without intermediate overflow or underflow.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.log(e)

Compute the natural logarithm of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.log10(e)

Compute the logarithm of the given value in base 10.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.log1p(e)

Compute the natural logarithm of the given value plus one.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.log2(e)

Compute the logarithm of the given column in base 2.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.sigmoid(e)

Compute the sigmoid of the given value.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.pow(base, exp)

Return the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.radians(e)

Convert an angle measured in degrees to an equivalent angle measured in radians.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.round(e, scale=0)

Round the value of e to scale decimal places.

Examples

1. Create a new attribute ‘col1_trn’ which is derived by rounding ‘col1’ to 2 digits:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn': f.math.round(f.col('col1'),2)})

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.signum(e)

Compute the signum of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.sin(e)

Compute the sine of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.sinh(e)

Compute the hyperbolic sine of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.sqrt(e)

Compute the square root of the specified float value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.tan(e)

Compute the tangent of the given value.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.tanh(e)

Compute the hyperbolic tangent of the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.erf(e)

Compute the error function on the given value.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.erfc(e)

Compute the error function on the given value.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.inverf(e)

Compute the error function on the given value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.math.inverfc(e)

Compute the error function on the given value.

Return type

Attribute

Non-aggregate functions

Non-aggregate functions for Attributes.

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.all(*exprs)

Return True if all columns are True.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.attr_in(input_attr_name, in_list)

Expression for filtering rows based on attribute values that are IN a list of values.

Parameters

• input_attr_name (String) – Name of Attribute based on which to filter

• in_list (Iterable) – List values for filtering

Returns

Boolean Attribute

Return type

Attribute

Examples

1. Filtering based on an attribute taking a value from a list of values:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds.where(f.attr_in('col1',in_list=[val1,val2,val3]))

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.attr_not_in(input_attr_name, not_in_list)

Expression for filtering rows based on attribute values that are IN a list of values.

Parameters

• input_attr_name (str) – Name of Attribute based on which to filter

• not_in_list (Iterable) – List values for filtering

Returns

Boolean Attribute

Return type

Attribute

Examples

1. Filtering based on an attribute NOT taking a value from a list of values:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds.where(f.attr_not_in('col1',not_in_list=[val1,val2,val3]))

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.any(*exprs)

Return True if any column is True.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.abs(e)

Compute the absolute value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.col(col_name)

Return an Attribute based on the given name.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.column(col_name)

Return an Attribute based on the given name.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.greatest(*exprs)

Return the greatest value of the list of column names, skipping null values.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.isnull(e)

Return true iff the column is null.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.least(*exprs)

Return the greatest value of the list of column names, skipping null values.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.lit(literal)

Create an Attribute of literal value.

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.negate(e)

Unary minus.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.not_(e)

Inversion of boolean expression.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.when(condition, value)

Evaluate a list of conditions and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.

If otherwise is not defined at the end, null is returned for unmatched conditions.

Example

Encoding gender string column into an integer.

>>> df.select(when(col("gender") == "male", 0)
...          .when(col("gender") == "female", 1)
...          .otherwise(2))

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.non_aggregate.to_text(e)

Convert an attribute to a string representation.

Return type

Attribute

String functions

Math functions for Attributes.

leapyear.functions.string.ascii(e)

Convert the first character of the string to its ASCII value.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.concat(*exprs, sep=None)

Concatenation of strings with optional separator.

Concatenating factors {‘a’, ‘b’} and {‘c’, ‘d’} gives {‘ac’, ‘ad’, ‘bc’, ‘cd’}. Including the separator ” ” gives {‘a c’, ‘a d’, ‘b c’, ‘c d’}.

If any of the expressions are type TEXT, then the result will be TEXT.

Examples

1. Create new column ‘col1_trn’ which concatenation of ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ with separator ‘-‘. It can be used to contruct a date column from day and month columns:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> ds2 = ds1.with_attributes({'col1_trn':f.concat(ds1['col1'],ds1['col2'],sep='-')})

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.instr(attr, substr)

Give the position of substring in the Attribute, otherwise 0.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.length(attr)

Return the length of the string.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.levenshtein(attr1, attr2)

Compute the Levenshtein distance between strings.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.locate(attr, substr, pos=None)

Give the position of substr in the Attribute, optionally after pos.

Position is returned as a positive integer starting at 1 if the substring is found, and 0 if the substring is not found.

leapyear.functions.string.lpad(attr, len_, pad)

Pad the string on the left with pad to make the total length len_.

When pad is an empty string, the string is returned without modification, or truncated to len_.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.ltrim(attr)

Remove whitespace characters on the beginning of the string.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.reverse(attr)

Reverse the string.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.repeat(attr, n)

Repeat the string n times.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.rpad(attr, len_, pad)

Pad the string on the right with pad to make the total length len_.

When pad is an empty string, the string is returned without modification, or truncated to len_.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.rtrim(attr)

Remove whitespace characters at the end of the string.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.soundex(attr)

Return the soundex code for the specified expression.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.substring(attr, start, len_)

Return the substring of length len_ starting at start.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.substring_index(attr, delim, len_)

Return the substring from string str before count occurrences of the delimiter delim.

If count is positive, everything the left of the final delimiter (counting from left) is returned. If count is negative, every to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. substring_index performs a case-sensitive match when searching for delim.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.translate(attr, match, replace)

Translate any character in the src by a character in replace.

The characters in replace correspond to the characters in matching. The translate will happen when any character in the string matches the character in the match.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.trim(attr)

Remove the whitespace from the beginning and end of the string.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.lex_lt(attr1, attr2)

Lexicographical less-than operation.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.lex_lte(attr1, attr2)

Lexicographical less-than-or-equal operation.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.lex_gt(attr1, attr2)

Lexicographical greater-than operation.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.lex_gte(attr1, attr2)

Lexicographical greater-than-or-equal operation.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.remove_accents(attr)

Remove all accents from the string.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.lower(attr)

Convert strings to lowercase.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.upper(attr)

Convert strings to uppercase.

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.regex_extract(attr, pattern, group_idx)

Use a regular expression pattern to extract a part of the string.

This function always results in a nullable Text type.

The regex syntax depends on the backend:

Spark

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html

Snowflake

https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-regexp.html#general-usage-notes

Return type

Attribute

leapyear.functions.string.regex_replace(attr, pattern, replace)

Use a regular expression pattern to replace a part of the string.

This function always results in a nullable Text type.

The regex syntax depends on the backend:

Spark

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html

Snowflake

https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-regexp.html#general-usage-notes

Return type

Attribute

Windowing functions

Window functions for Attributes.

leapyear.functions.window.lead(e, i)

Compute the lead value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.lag(e, i)

Compute the lag value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.first(e)

Compute the first non-null value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.last(e)

Compute the last non-null value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.count(e=None)

Compute the number of non-null entries.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.approx_count_distinct(attrs)

Compute the number of distinct entries (using an approximate streaming algorithm).

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.mean(e)

Compute the mean value.

Examples

1. Create a window specification that partitions based on ‘col1’ and orders by a ‘date_col’ and picks past 14 rows from current row 0. Then, we can compute mean of ‘col2’ over this window:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> from leapyear.dataset import Window
>>> ws1 = Window.partition_by(f.col('col1'))
                .order_by(f.col('date_col').asc())
                .rows_between(start=-14,end=0)
>>> ds2 = ds1.project(['date_col','col1','col2'])
             .with_attribute('mean_col2', f.window.mean(f.col('col2')).over(ws1))

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.avg(e)

Compute the mean value.

Examples

1. Create a window specification that partitions based on ‘col1’ and orders by a ‘date_col’ and picks past 14 rows from current row 0. Then, we can compute mean of ‘col2’ over this window:

>>> import leapyear.functions as f
>>> from leapyear.dataset import Window
>>> ws1 = Window.partition_by(f.col('col1'))
                .order_by(f.col('date_col').asc())
                .rows_between(start=-14,end=0)
>>> ds2 = ds1.project(['date_col','col1','col2'])
             .with_attribute('mean_col2', f.window.mean(f.col('col2')).over(ws1))

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.sum(e)

Compute the sum.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.or_(e)

Compute the or of boolean values.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.and_(e)

Compute the and of boolean values.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.min(e)

Compute the min value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.max(e)

Compute the max value.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.stddev(e)

Compute the sample standard deviation.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.stddev_samp(e)

Compute the sample standard deviation.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.stddev_pop(e)

Compute the population standard deviation.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.variance(e)

Compute the sample variance.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.variance_samp(e)

Compute the sample variance.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.variance_pop(e)

Compute the population variance.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.skewness(e)

Compute the skewness.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.kurtosis(e)

Compute the kurtosis.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.covar_samp(e1, e2)

Compute the sample covariance.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.covar_pop(e1, e2)

Compute the population covariance.

Return type

WindowAttribute

leapyear.functions.window.corr(e1, e2)

Compute the correlation.

Return type

WindowAttribute

Module leapyear.feature

Feature engineering classes.

OneHotEncoder class

class leapyear.feature.OneHotEncoder(input_cols, max_size=32, drop_originals=True, drop_last=True)

One-hot encode attributes.

FACTOR and INT columns that can have less than max_size values are converted to BOOL columns indicating the presence of the value. Will only work with non-nullable columns. Nullable columns can be converted to non-nullable with leapyear.dataset.Attribute.coalesce().

The last category is not included by default, where the categories are sorted lexicographically based on their characters’ ASCII values.

Examples

1. Using OneHotEncoder on two columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> ohe = OneHotEncoder(['col1', 'col2'], drop_originals=True, max_size=64)
>>> ds2 = ohe.transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

• max_size (int) – maximum number of values to one hot encode per column. (default: 32)

• drop_originals (bool) – drop columns not derived from the input columns. (default: True)

• drop_last (bool) – drop the last column containing redundant information. (default: True)

BoundsScaler class

class leapyear.feature.BoundsScaler(input_cols, lower=0.0, upper=1.0)

Scale the attributes by the bounds of the type.

BOOL, INT and REAL columns are scaled so all values fall between min and max (inclusive). In contrast to MinMaxScaler and StandardScaler, there is no privacy leakage using this class.

Examples

1. Using BoundsScaler on two columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> bs = BoundsScaler(['col1','col2'])
>>> ds2 = bs.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

• lower (float) – attributes are scaled to this lower bound (default 0.)

• upper (float) – attributes are scaled to this upper bound (default 1.)

BoundsAbsScaler class

class leapyear.feature.BoundsAbsScaler(input_cols)

Scale the attributes by the max absolute value of the type bounds.

INT and REAL columns are scaled so all values fall between -1 and 1, with no shifting of the data.

Examples

1. Using BoundsAbsScaler on two columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> bs = BoundsAbsScaler(['col1','col2'])
>>> ds2 = bs.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

MinMaxScaler class

class leapyear.feature.MinMaxScaler(input_cols, min_=0.0, max_=1.0)

Scale the attributes by the min and max of the attribute.

BOOL, INT and REAL columns are scaled so all values fall between min and max (inclusive).

Examples

1. Using MinMaxScaler on two columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> ms = MinMaxScaler(['col1','col2'], min_=0.0, max_=1.0)
>>> ds2 = ms.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

• min (float) – attributes are scaled to this lower bound (default 0.)

• max (float) – attributes are scaled to this lower bound (default 1.)

MaxAbsScaler class

class leapyear.feature.MaxAbsScaler(input_cols)

Scale the attributes by the max absolute value of the min and the max.

INT and REAL columns are scaled so that values smaller than the absolute value of the min or max fall between -1 and 1, with no shifting of the data.

Examples

1. Using BoundsAbsScaler on two columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> bs = BoundsAbsScaler(['col1','col2'])
>>> ds2 = bs.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

StandardScaler class

class leapyear.feature.StandardScaler(input_cols, with_mean=True, with_stdev=True)

Scale the attributes to be centered at zero with unit variance.

INT and REAL columns are scaled with removed mean and scaled to unit variance.

Examples

1. Using StandardScaler on columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> ss = StandardScaler(['col1','col2'], with_mean=True, with_stdev=False )
>>> ds2 = ss.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_cols (Sequence[str]) – the names of the input columns.

• with_mean (bool) – Remove the mean from the attributes.

• with_stdev (bool) – Scale the attribute to have unit standard deviation.

ScaleTransformModel class

class leapyear.feature.ScaleTransformModel(attr_lower_upper, lower, upper, scale_bool)

Scale attributes to new values.

Shift and scale each attribute so the 2 values associated with each attribute are mapped to the 2 values in new_values.

Normalizer class

class leapyear.feature.Normalizer(input_cols, p, suffix=<factory>)

Compute the p-norm of attributes and normalize by norm value.

Will only work on INT and REAL columns.

Examples

1. Using Normalizer on columns ‘col1’ and ‘col2’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> norm_trn = Normalizer(['col1','col2'], p = 2)
>>> ds2 = norm_trn.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_cols (Sequence[str]) – The list of the input columns that needs to normalized.

• p (int) – norm p

• suffix (str) – Suffix appended to the name of the transformed attribute. Defaults to ‘_NORM’ for Snowflake and ‘_norm’ for Spark

fit_transform(dataset, **kwargs)

Normalize a set of attributes.

Computes p norm.

Return type

DataSet

Winsorizer class

class leapyear.feature.Winsorizer(input_col, lo_val, hi_val, suffix=<factory>)

Bound the non-null values of the attribute to be within lo_val and hi_val.

Will only work on non-nullable INT and REAL columns. Nullable columns can be converted to non-nullable with leapyear.dataset.Attribute.coalesce().

When transformed, returns the DataSet with an additional attribute that is winsorised between the given low and high value for the specified attribute.

Examples

1. Using Winsorizer on column ‘col1’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> wins = Winsorizer('col1', lo_val = 0, hi_val = 1)
>>> ds2 = wins.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_col (str) – The name of the input columns.

• lo_val (float) – After transformation attribute will be greater than or equal to lo_val

• hi_val (float) – After transformation attribute will be lesser than or equal to hi_val

• suffix (str) – Suffix appended to the name of the transformed attribute. Defaults to ‘_WIN’ for Snowflake and ‘_win’ for Spark

fit_transform(dataset, **kwargs)

Winsorize the specified attribute.

Called after providing lo and hi vals.

Return type

DataSet

Bucketizer class

class leapyear.feature.Bucketizer(input_col, split_vals)

Quantize the attribute according to thresholds specified in split_vals.

attr < split_vals[0] -> bin 0
attr >= split_vals[0] and attr < split_vals[1] -> bin 1
...
attr >= split_vals[-1] -> bin len(split_vals)

Works with INT and REAL columns.

Examples

1. Using Bucketizer on column ‘col1’ in Dataset ‘ds1’:

>>> split_vals = [0, 0.25, 0.75]
>>> buck = Bucketizer('col1', split_vals = split_vals )
>>> ds2 = buck.fit_transform(ds1)

Parameters

• input_col (str) – the names of the input column.

• split_vals (Sequence[float]) – Thresholds for creating the bins

fit_transform(dataset, **kwargs)

For testing use only.

Return type

DataSet

Module leapyear.analytics

Statistics and machine learning algorithms.

LeapYear analyses are functions that are executed by the server to compute statistics or to perform machine learning tasks on DataSets. These functions return an Analysis type, which is executed on the server by calling the run() method.

For simple statistics, such as count() or mean(), the values can be extracted using the following pattern:

>>> from leapyear import Client, DataSet
>>> from leapyear.analytics import count_rows, mean
>>> client = Client(url='http://ly-server:4401', username='admin', password='password')
>>> dataset = DataSet.from_table('db.table')
>>> dataset_rows_analysis = count_rows(dataset)
>>> n_rows = dataset_rows_analysis.run()
>>> print(n_rows)
10473
>>> dataset_mean_x_analysis = mean('x0', dataset)
>>> mean_x = dataset_mean_x_analysis.run()
>>> print(mean_x)
5.234212346345

The computation of all univariate statistics follows the pattern for mean(). For more complicated machine learning tasks, multiple columns must be specified, depending on the task.

Unsupervised learning tasks (like clustering) will generally require the specification of which features in the DataSet to use. Supervised learning tasks (like regression) will additionally require the specification of a target variable.

For example, we can train a linear regression model as follows:

>>> from leapyear.analytics import generalized_linreg
>>> regression = generalized_linreg(['x0', 'x1'], 'y', dataset, affine=True, l2reg=1.0)
>>> model = regression.run()

Helper routines are available for performing cross-validation (see cross_val_score_linreg()). Note that, unlike other analyses, they are immediately executed (without calling run()):

>>> from leapyear.analytics import cross_val_score_linreg
>>> cross_val_score = cross_val_score_linreg(
>>>     ['x0', 'x1'], 'y', dataset, cv=3,
>>>     affine=True, l1reg=0.1, l2reg=1.0, scorer='mse'
>>> )

Data Analysis

leapyear.analytics.count(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False, target_relative_error=None, max_budget=None)

Analysis: Count the elements of an attribute.

This analysis can be executed using the run method to compute the approximate count of elements, including NULL values.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, an object of RandomizationInterval, will be generated likely including the precise value of the computation on the data sample.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the count of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to ignore NULL values. Default: False.

• target_relative_error (Optional[float]) – A float value between 0 and 1 indicating the level of relative error that should be targeted for this computation. If specified, the system will attempt to ensure that the absolute value of the relative error between the randomized result and the true count is roughly target_relative_error. If this is not possible due to budget constraints set by the admin, the system will return a randomized result with the smallest randomization effect allowed. If not specified, a default value specified by the admin is used. This can only be used if the admin has turned on the adaptive count feature.

• max_budget (Optional[float]) – The maximum amount of budget that the system should spend while trying to achieve target_relative_error. If specified, the absolute amount of budget spent will not exceed max_budget. If the user specifies a value greater than the maximum budget for the computation set by the admin, system will use the admin-set maximum. If the system can achieve target_relative_error while spending less than max_budget, it will do so.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run method.

Return type

CountAnalysisWithRI

leapyear.analytics.count_rows(dataset, target_relative_error=None, max_budget=None)

Analysis: Count the number of rows in a dataset.

This analysis can be executed using the run method to compute the approximate number of rows in the dataset.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, an object of RandomizationInterval will be generated, likely including the precise value of the computation on the data sample.

Parameters

• dataset (DataSet) – The input dataset.

• target_relative_error (Optional[float]) – A float value between 0 and 1 indicating the level of relative error that should be targeted for this computation. If specified, the system will attempt to ensure that the absolute value of the relative error between the randomized result and the true count is roughly target_relative_error. If this is not possible due to budget constraints set by the admin, the system will return a randomized result with the smallest randomization effect allowed. If not specified, a default value specified by the admin is used. This can only be used if the admin has turned on the adaptive count feature.

• max_budget (Optional[float]) – The maximum amount of budget that the system should spend while trying to achieve target_relative_error. If specified, the absolute amount of budget spent will not exceed max_budget. If the user specifies a value greater than the maximum budget for the computation set by the admin, system will use the admin-set maximum. If the system can achieve target_relative_error while spending less than max_budget, it will do so.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run method.

Return type

CountAnalysisWithRI

leapyear.analytics.count_distinct(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False, target_relative_error=None, max_budget=None)

Analysis: Count the unique elements of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str, Sequence[Union[Attribute, str]]]) – The attribute or attributes to compute the distinct count of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Remove any records with null. Unique values associated with records containing nulls are not included in the count.

• target_relative_error (Optional[float]) – A float value between 0 and 1 indicating the level of relative error that should be targeted for this computation. If specified, the system will attempt to ensure that the absolute value of the relative error between the randomized result and the true count is roughly target_relative_error. If this is not possible due to budget constraints set by the admin, the system will return a randomized result with the smallest randomization effect allowed. If not specified, a default value specified by the admin is used. This can only be used if the admin has turned on the adaptive count feature.

• max_budget (Optional[float]) – The maximum amount of budget that the system should spend while trying to achieve target_relative_error. If specified, the absolute amount of budget spent will not exceed max_budget. If the user specifies a value greater than the maximum budget for the computation set by the admin, system will use the admin-set maximum. If the system can achieve target_relative_error while spending less than max_budget, it will do so.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the count.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.count_distinct_rows(dataset, target_relative_error=None, max_budget=None)

Analysis: Count the number of distinct rows in a dataset.

Parameters

• dataset (DataSet) – The input dataset.

• target_relative_error (Optional[float]) – A float value between 0 and 1 indicating the level of relative error that should be targeted for this computation. If specified, the system will attempt to ensure that the absolute value of the relative error between the randomized result and the true count is roughly target_relative_error. If this is not possible due to budget constraints set by the admin, the system will return a randomized result with the smallest randomization effect allowed. If not specified, a default value specified by the admin is used. This can only be used if the admin has turned on the adaptive count feature.

• max_budget (Optional[float]) – The maximum amount of budget that the system should spend while trying to achieve target_relative_error. If specified, the absolute amount of budget spent will not exceed max_budget. If the user specifies a value greater than the maximum budget for the computation set by the admin, system will use the admin-set maximum. If the system can achieve target_relative_error while spending less than max_budget, it will do so.

Returns

Analysis for counting the number of distinct rows.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

leapyear.analytics.mean(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the mean of an attribute.

This analysis can be executed using the run method to compute the approximate mean of the attribute.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, the RandomizationInterval object will be generated, likely including the precise value of the computation on the data sample.

Note: If the attribute is nullable, setting drop_nulls=True is necessary for the computation to go through.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the mean of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring NULL values.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run method.

Return type

ScalarAnalysisWithCI

leapyear.analytics.sum(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the sum of a numeric attribute.

This analysis can be executed using the run method to compute the approximate mean of the attribute.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, the RandomizationInterval object will be generated, likely including the precise value of the computation on the data sample.

Note: If the attribute is nullable, setting drop_nulls=True is necessary for the computation to go through.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the sum of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring NULL values.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run method.

Return type

ScalarAnalysisWithRI

leapyear.analytics.variance(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the variance of an attribute.

This analysis can be executed using the run method to compute the approximate mean of the attribute.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, the RandomizationInterval object will be generated, likely including the precise value of the computation on the data sample.

Note: If the attribute is nullable, setting drop_nulls=True is necessary for the computation to go through.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the variance of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring NULL values.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run method.

Return type

ScalarAnalysisWithCI

leapyear.analytics.min(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the minimum value of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the min of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the min.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Note

The minimum reported is the 1/1000 quantile of the attribute.

When the attribute being analyzed has a very narrow range of possible values, the minimum returned may be inaccurate. As an extreme example, if the width of the interval of possible values of an attribute is less than 0.01, the minimum returned will be a fixed number that does not depend on the data distribution. For such cases, scale the attribute by 10/width, compute the minimum, and rescale the returned value by width/10.

The result of this analysis may be very different from the true minimum of the data sample in the following two scenarios:

1. When the underlying attribute distribution has significant outliers (e.g. a very long tail) - this is because the minimum computed is the 1/1000 quantile of the attribute, and

2. When the public lower bound is very different from the true minimum of the data sample - this is because differential privacy is aiming to minimize the effect of individual records on the output.

leapyear.analytics.max(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the maximum value of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the max of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the max.

Return type

Analysis

Note

The maximum reported is the 999/1000 quantile of the attribute.

When the attribute being analyzed has a very narrow range of possible values, the maximum returned may be inaccurate. As an extreme example, if the width of the interval of possible values of an attribute is less than 0.01, the maximum returned will be a fixed number that does not depend on the data distribution. For such cases, scale the attribute by 10/width, compute the maximum, and rescale the returned value by width/10.

The result of this analysis may be very different from the true maximum of the data sample in the following two scenarios:

1. When the underlying attribute distribution has significant outliers (e.g. a very long tail) - this is because the maximum computed is the 999/1000 quantile of the attribute, and

2. When the public upper bound is very different from the true maximum of the data sample - this is because differential privacy is aiming to minimize the effect of individual records on the output.

leapyear.analytics.median(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the median value of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the median of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the median.

Return type

Analysis

Note

When the attribute being analyzed has a very narrow range of possible values, the median returned may be inaccurate. As an extreme example, if the width of the interval of possible values of an attribute is less than 0.01, the median returned will be a fixed number that does not depend on the data distribution. For such cases, scale the attribute by 10/width, compute the median, and rescale the returned value by width/10.

leapyear.analytics.quantile(q, attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute a certain quantile q of an attribute.

Parameters

• q (float) – Quantile to compute, which must be between 0 and 1 inclusive.

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the quantile of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the quantile.

Return type

Analysis

Note

When the attribute being analyzed has a very narrow range of possible values, the quantile returned may be inaccurate. As an extreme example, if the width of the interval of possible values of an attribute is less than 0.01, the quantile returned will be a fixed number that does not depend on the data distribution. For such cases, scale the attribute by 10/width, compute the quantile, and rescale the returned value by width/10.

leapyear.analytics.skewness(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the skewness of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the skewness of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the skewness.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.kurtosis(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the excess kurtosis of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the kurtosis of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the kurtosis.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.iqr(attr, dataset=None, drop_nulls=False)

Analysis: Compute the interquartile range of an attribute.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the interquartile range of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string. When attr is an Attribute this field is ignored.

• drop_nulls (bool) – Whether to allow running on a nullable column, ignoring nulls.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the iqr.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.histogram(attr, dataset=None, bins=10, interval=None)

Analysis: Compute the histogram of the attribute in the dataset.

Parameters

• attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to compute the histogram of. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when attr is a string.

• bins (int) – Number of bins between the bounds. (default=10)

• interval (Optional[Tuple[float, float]]) – The lower and upper bound of the histogram. Defaults to attribute bounds if None.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the histogram.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.histogram2d(x_attr, y_attr, dataset=None, x_bins=10, y_bins=10, x_range=None, y_range=None)

Analysis: Compute the 2D histogram of two attributes in the dataset.

Parameters

• x_attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to use to compute the first dimension of the histogram. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• y_attr (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute to use to compute the first dimension of the histogram. Either a standalone attribute or the name of an attribute from a dataset provided by dataset.

• dataset (Optional[DataSet]) – The dataset to use when x_attr or y_attr are strings.

• x_bins (int) – Number of bins between the bounds in the first attribute.

• y_bins (int) – Number of bins between the bounds in the second attribute.

• x_range (Optional[Tuple[float, float]]) – The lower and upper bound of the first attribute for the histogram.

• y_range (Optional[Tuple[float, float]]) – The lower and upper bound of the second attribute for the histogram.

Returns

Prepared analysis of the histogram.

Return type

Analysis

leapyear.analytics.correlation_matrix(xs, dataset, *, center=True, scale=True, **kwargs)

Analysis: Compute the correlation matrix of the set of attributes.

NOTE: This analysis does not require run().

Parameters

• xs (Sequence[str]) – A list of attribute names to compute correlation matrix for.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet containing these attributes.

• center (bool) – Whether to center the columns before computing correlation matrix. If False, proceed assuming the columns are already centered.

• scale (bool) – Whether to divide covariance matrix by number of rows. If False, do not divide.

• max_timeout_sec – Specifies the maximum amount of time (in seconds) the user is willing to wait for a response. If set to None, this function will poll the server indefinitely. If it is run with scale or center set to True, the timeout will be multiplied. Defaults to waiting forever.

Returns

The correlation matrix.

Return type

np.ndarray

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.covariance_matrix(xs, dataset, *, center=True, scale=True, **kwargs)

Analysis: Compute the covariance matrix of the set of attributes.

NOTE: This analysis does not require run().

Parameters

• xs (Sequence[str]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• center (bool) – Whether to center the columns before compute the covariance matrix. If False, assume the columns are centered.

• scale (bool) – Whether to divide the matrix by number of rows. If False, do not divide.

• max_timeout_sec – Specifies the maximum amount of time (in seconds) the user is willing to wait for a response. If set to None, this function will poll the server indefinitely. If it is run with scale or center set to True, the timeout will be multiplied. Defaults to waiting forever.

Returns

The covariance matrix.

Return type

np.ndarray

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.describe(dataset, attributes=None)

Describe the columns of the dataset for use in data exploration.

The describe function provides a way for an analyst to perform initial rough data exploration on a dataset. To get more accurate statistics, the individual functions mean(), count(), et cetera, are recommended. This function does not use the analysis cache of the other statistics functions.

Numeric columns are described by their count, mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and the quartiles. Categorical columns (factors and booleans) are described by their count, distinct count and frequency of the most frequent element.

Parameters

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet to be described

• attributes (Union[None, Attribute, str, Sequence[Union[Attribute, str]]]) – The attributes to describe. If a value is not provided, or None, describe all attributes.

Returns

Prepared analysis for describing the dataset. Execute the analysis using the run() method.

Return type

DescribeAnalysis

leapyear.analytics.groupby_agg_view(dataset, attrs, agg_attr=None, agg_type=<GroupByAggType.COUNT: 1>, *, max_groupby_agg_keys=100000000, size_threshold=None, agg_attr_and_type=None)

Compute aggregate statistic within each group and output aggregate results.

Only groups with estimated size larger than minimum_dataset_size will be returned. This parameter can be set in run.

Parameters

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet to perform groupby and aggregation on

• attrs (Sequence[Union[Attribute, str]]) – List of attributes to perform groupby.

• agg_attr (Optional[str]) – Compute aggregate statistics on this column within each group

• agg_type (Union[GroupByAggType, str]) – Aggregate type. ‘count’, ‘mean’ or ‘sum’.

• max_groupby_agg_keys (int) – This value prevents submitting computations that have a very large number of groupby keys. By default, it raises GroupbyAggTooManyKeysError if the number of groups exceeds 100000000.

• size_threshold (Optional[int]) – Deprecated: see minimum_dataset_size in the run method.

• agg_attr_and_type (Union[Tuple[Union[GroupByAggType, str], Optional[str]], Sequence[Tuple[Union[GroupByAggType, str], Optional[str]]], None]) – List of tuples (agg_type, agg_attr). Compute aggregate statistics defined by the agg_type on the column within each group. agg_type can be ‘count’, ‘mean’ or ‘sum’.

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using run method to return aggregation results. The results can be accessed as a pandas dataframe using .to_dataframe().

Return type

GroupbyAggAnalysis

Note: privacy exposure estimate for this analysis is not supported.

Example

For each age group and gender, compute the mean income.

>>> groupby_agg_view(ds, ["AGE", "GENDER"], "INCOME", "mean").run(minimum_dataset_size=1000)

For each week, compute the mean and total transaction amount.

>>> groupby_agg_view(ds, ["WEEK"], agg_attr_and_type=[("mean", "AMOUNT"), ("sum", "AMOUNT")]).run()

Look at Randomization Intervals for each group (only for ‘count’ and ‘sum’).

>>> rr = groupby_agg_view(ds, ["WEEK"], "AMOUNT", "mean").run(rich_result=True)
>>> ri_dict = rr.metadata
>>> ri_dict
{
    (1, ): RandomizationInterval(...),
    (2, ): RandomizationInterval(...)
    ...
}
>>> ri_dict[(1, )]
RandomizationInterval(...)

Look at Randomization Interval for multiple aggregate results.

>>> rr = groupby_agg_view(ds, ["YEAR", "WEEK"], agg_attr_and_type=[("mean", "AMOUNT"), ("sum", "AMOUNT")]).run()
>>> ri_dict = rr.metadata
>>> ri_dict[(2020, 1)][0]
RandomizationInterval(...)

Machine Learning

Unsupervised learning

leapyear.analytics.kmeans(xs, dataset, n_iters=10, n_clusters=3)

Analysis: K-means clustering.

Identifies centers of clusters for a set of data points, by

1. Randomly initializing a chosen number of cluster centers (centroids) in the feature space

2. Associating each data point with the nearest centroid

3. Iteratively adjusting centroids to locations based on differentially private computation of the mean for each feature

Parameters

• xs (List[str]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• n_iters (int) – Number of iterations to run k-means for

• n_clusters (int) – Number of clusters to generate

Returns

Analysis object that can be executed using the run() method. Once executed, it would output clustering analysis results, such as centroids.

Return type

ClusteringAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_kmeans(centroids, xs, dataset)

Analysis: Evaluate the K-means model.

Evaluate the clustering model by computing the Normalized Intra Cluster Variance (NICV).

Parameters

• centroids (ClusterModel) – The model (generated using kmeans) to evaluate

• xs (List[str]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a clustering model. It can be executed using the run() method to output evaluation metric value.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.pca(xs, dataset, **kwargs)

Principal Component Analysis.

Compute the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the set of attributes using a differentially private algorithm.

NOTE: This analysis does not require run().

Parameters

• xs (List[str]) – A list of attribute names representing features to be considered for this analysis.

• dataset (DataSet) – DataSet that includes these attributes.

• max_timeout_sec – Specifies the maximum amount of time (in seconds) the user is willing to wait for a response. If set to None, this function will poll the server indefinitely. If it is run with scale or center set to True, the timeout will be multiplied. Defaults to waiting forever.

Return type

Tuple[ndarray, ndarray]

Returns

• explained_variances – Variance explained by each of the principal components - in other words, variance of each principal component coordinate when considered as feature on the input dataset.

• pca_matrix – Transformation matrix, that can be used to translate original features to principal component coordinates. If all principal components are included, this becomes a square matrix corresponding to orthogonal transformation (e.g. reflection).

  This matrix can be used to generate principal component features using leapyear.dataset.DataSet.transform() operation, as in:

  tfds = ds.transform(x_vars, pca_matrix, 'pca')

  NOTE: Signs may not match PCA transformation matrix computed by scikit-learn.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Supervised learning

leapyear.analytics.basic_linreg(xs, y, dataset, *, affine=True, l1reg=0.0, l2reg=1.0, parameter_bounds=None)

Analysis: Linear regression.

Implements a differentially private algorithm to represent outcome (target) variable as a linear combination of selected features.

Note

To help ensure that the differentially private training process can effectively optimize regression coefficients, it’s important to re-scale features (both dependent/target and independent/explanatory) to a similar domain (e.g. [0,1]). This can be done using leapyear.feature.BoundsScaler and will help ensure that the domain being searched for the coefficient will include the optimal model. See LeapYear guides for this and other recommendations on training accurate regressions.

Note

Differentially private regressions aim to optimize models for predictive tasks, while protecting sensitive information from being learned from the trained model. They are not guaranteed to result in coefficients close to those that a non-differentially private algorithm would learn. In other words, while regressions trained with differential privacy may excel at predictive tasks, keep in mind that these were not designed for inference.

Please see the guides for more details on using regressions in LeapYear.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – If True, fit an intercept term.

• l1reg (float) – The L1 regularization. Default value: 0.0.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization. Default value: 1.0. Must be at least 0.0001 to limit the randomization effect for models optimized via objective perturbation.

• parameter_bounds (Optional[List[Tuple[float, float]]]) – Restriction on the model parameters, including the intercept. Required for differential privacy. Default value: -10.0 to 10.0 for each parameter

Returns

Analysis representing the regression problem. It can be executed using the run() method to output calibrated model.

Return type

GenLinAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.generalized_linreg(xs, y, dataset, *, affine=True, l2reg=1.0, weight=None, offset=None, max_iters=25, family='gaussian', link='identity', link_power=0, variance_power=1)

Analysis: Generalized linear regression.

Implements a differentially private algorithm to represent outcome (target) variable as a linear combination of selected features. This computation is based on the iterative weighted least squares algorithm. Trains using the “glm” algorithm.

Available generalizations include:

• offset of outputs based on pre-existing model - this enables modeling of residual

• use of alternative link functions applied to the linear combination of features

• application of regularization and weights during model optimization.

Note

Differentially private regressions aim to optimize models for predictive tasks, while protecting sensitive information from being learned from the trained model. They are not guaranteed to result in coefficients close to those that a non-differentially private algorithm would learn. In other words, while regressions trained with differential privacy may excel at predictive tasks, keep in mind that these were not designed for inference.

Please see the guides for more details on using regressions in LeapYear.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of Attributes or attribute names to be used as features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The Attribute or attribute name of the target.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – True if the algorithm should fit an intercept term.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization parameter. Must be non-negative.

• weight (Union[Attribute, str, None]) – Optional column used to weight each sample. Implies generalized regression.

• offset (Union[Attribute, str, None]) – Optional column for offset in offset regression. Implies generalized regression.

• max_iters (Optional[int]) – Optional maximum number of iterations for fitting the regression. Note that regardless of this setting, the system would often stop before reaching max_iterations - e.g. after a single iteration. In such cases, higher value for max_iterations may lead to less privacy allocated to each iteration, and ultimately, higher randomization effect.

• family (Optional[str]) – Optional distribution of the label. Implies generalized regression. Possible values here are ‘gaussian’ (the default), ‘poisson’, ‘gamma’ and ‘tweedie’.

• link (Optional[str]) – Optional link function between mean of label distribution and prediction. Implies generalized regression. Possible values depend on family: ‘gaussian’ supports only ‘identity’ (default), ‘log’ and ‘inverse’; ‘poisson’ supports only ‘log’ (default), ‘identity’ and ‘sqrt’; ‘gamma’ supports only ‘inverse’ (default), ‘identity’ and ‘log’. There is no link function for the ‘tweedie’ family, use variance_power and link_power parameters instead.

• link_power (Optional[int]) – For the ‘tweedie’ distribution only, the exponent of the link function. Default value is 0, which is equivalent to ‘identity’ link.

• variance_power (Optional[int]) – For the ‘tweedie’ distribution only, the exponent of the variance. Default value is 1, which is equivalent to ‘gaussian’ family.

Returns

Analysis of the regression problem, which could be executed using run() function to output calibrated model.

Return type

GenLinAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.logreg(xs, y, dataset, affine=True, l1reg=0.0, l2reg=1.0)

Analysis: Logistic regression.

Implements a differentially private algorithm to represent outcome (target) variable as a logit-transformation of a linear combination of selected features. Trains using the “basic” algorithm.

Available generalizations include

• regularization applied during model optimization

Note

To help ensure that the differentially private training process can effectively optimize regression coefficients, it’s important to re-scale features (both dependent/target and independent/explanatory) to a similar domain (e.g. [0,1]). This can be done using leapyear.feature.BoundsScaler and will help ensure that the domain being searched for the coefficient will include the optimal model. See LeapYear guides for this and other recommendations on training accurate regressions.

Note

Differentially private regressions aim to optimize models for predictive tasks, while protecting sensitive information from being learned from the trained model. They are not guaranteed to result in coefficients close to those that a non-differentially private algorithm would learn. In other words, while regressions trained with differential privacy may excel at predictive tasks, keep in mind that these were not designed for inference.

Please see the guides for more details on using regressions in LeapYear.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – If True, fit an intercept term.

• l1reg (float) – The L1 regularization. Default value: 0.0.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization. Default value: 1.0.

Returns

Analysis training the logistic regression model. It can be executed using the run() method to output the calibrated model.

Return type

GenLinAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.generalized_logreg(xs, y, dataset, *, affine=True, l1reg=1.0, l2reg=1.0, weight=None, offset=None, max_iters=25, link='logit')

Analysis: Generalized logistic regression.

Implements a differentially private algorithm to represent the outcome (target) variable as a logit-transformation of a linear combination of selected features. This computation is based on the iterative weighted least squares algorithm. Trains using the “glm” algorithm.

Available generalizations include:

• offset of outputs based on pre-existing model - this enables modeling of residual

• use of alternative link functions applied to the linear combination of features

• application of regularization and weights during model optimization.

Note

Differentially private regressions aim to optimize models for predictive tasks, while protecting sensitive information from being learned from the trained model. They are not guaranteed to result in coefficients close to those that a non-differentially private algorithm would learn. In other words, while regressions trained with differential privacy may excel at predictive tasks, keep in mind that these were not designed for inference.

Please see the guides for more details on using regressions in LeapYear.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of Attributes or attribute names to be used as features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The Attribute or attribute name of the target.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – True if the algorithm should fit an intercept term.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization parameter. Must be non-negative.

• weight (Union[Attribute, str, None]) – Optional column used to weight each sample. Implies generalized regression.

• offset (Union[Attribute, str, None]) – Optional column for offset in offset regression. Implies generalized regression.

• max_iters (Optional[int]) – Optional maximum number of iterations for fitting the regression. Note that regardless of this setting, the system would often stop before reaching max_iterations - e.g. after a single iteration. In such cases, higher value for max_iterations may lead to less privacy allocated to each iteration, and ultimately, higher randomization effect.

• link (Optional[str]) – Optional link function between mean of label distribution and prediction. Implies generalized regression. Possible values are ‘logit’ (default), ‘probit’ and ‘cloglog’.

Returns

Analysis of the regression problem, which could be executed using run() function to output calibrated model.

Return type

GenLinAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.gradient_boosted_tree_classifier(xs, y, dataset, max_depth=3, max_iters=5, max_bins=32)

Analysis: Gradient boosted tree classifier.

This analysis trains a randomized variant of gradient boosted tree classifier to predict a BOOLEAN outcome (target).

The algorithm works by iteratively training individual decision trees to predict a “residual” of the model built so far, and then integrating each newly built decision tree into the ensemble model to better predict the probability of the positive label.

Weights are used at different stages:

• during training of individual decision trees, to focus attention on the areas where the model consistently underperforms, and

• when combining individual decision trees to predict probability of the positive label.

Calibrated level of randomization is applied to individual leaves of the decision trees to help protect privacy of the individual records used for model training.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attributes or attribute names that are used as explanatory features for the analysis. Each attribute must be either BOOL, INT, REAL or FACTOR. Nullable types are not supported and must be converted to non-nullable - e.g. via coalesce.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute or attribute name that is used as an outcome (target) of the classification model. Must be BOOLEAN type, as only binary classification models are supported. Nullable types are not supported and must be converted to non-nullable - e.g. via coalesce.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet containing both explanatory features and outcome attributes.

• max_depth (int) – The maximum depth (or height) of any tree in the ensemble produced by the algorithm. Default: 3

• max_iters (int) – The maximum number of iterations of the algorithm. This corresponds to the maximum number of individual decision trees in the ensemble. Default: 5

• max_bins (int) –

  The maximum number of bins for features used in constructing trees. Default: 32

  Note

  Maximum number of bins should be set to no less than the number of distinct possible values of the FACTOR attributes used as explanatory features.

Returns

Analysis that will train the gradient boosted tree classifier. It can be executed using the run() method.

Return type

GradientBoostedTreeClassifierModelAnalysis

See also

Gradient tree boosting

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.random_forest(xs, y, dataset, n_trees=100, height=3)

Analysis: Random Forest Classifier.

Generate a random forest model to predict probability associated with each target class.

Random forests combine many decision trees in order to reduce the risk of overfitting.

Each decision tree is developed on a random subset of observations - and is limited to prescribed height.

Individual node split decisions are made to maximize split value (or gain) - with a variation that a differentially private algorithm is used to count the number of observations belonging to each target class on both sides of the split.

Specifically, split value (or gain) is defined as reduction in combined Gini impurity measure, associated with introducing the split for a given parent node. Here

• Gini impurity for any given node (parent or child) is calculated based on distribution of observations within the node across different outcome (target) classes

• To compute combined impurity of the pair of nodes, individual node impurities for the two children nodes are averaged proportionately to their share of observations

Categorical features are typically handled by evaluating various splits corresponding to random subsets of the available categories.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are used as features for explanatory analysis.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome (target).

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet containing both explanatory features and outcome attributes.

• n_trees (int) – The number of trees to use in the random forest. Default: 100

• height (int) – The maximum height of the trees. Default: 3

Returns

Analysis training the random forest model. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results which include the calibrated random forest model, feature importance statistics, etc.

Return type

ForestModelClassifierAnalysis

See also

Gini impurity

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.regression_trees(xs, y, dataset, n_trees=100, height=3)

Analysis: Random Forest Regressor (regression trees).

Generate a regression trees model to predict value of target variable.

Regression trees are built similarly to random forests, but instead of predicting the probability that the target variable takes a certain categorical value (i.e., classification), they predict a real value of the target variable (i.e., regression).

The impurity metric in this case is the variance of the target variable for the datapoints that fall into the current node’s partition.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are used as features for explanatory analysis.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome (target).

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet containing both explanatory features and target attribute.

• n_trees (int) – The number of trees to use in the random forest. Default: 100.

• height (int) – The maximum height of the trees. Default: 3.

Returns

Analysis training the regression trees model. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results which include the calibrated random forest model, feature importance statistics, etc.

Return type

ForestModelRegressionAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_linreg(glm, xs, y, dataset, metric='mse')

Analysis: Evaluate a linear regression model.

Parameters

• glm (GLM) – The model (generated using linreg) to evaluate

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) –

  Linear regression evaluation metric: ‘mse’/’mean_squared_error’ or ‘mae’/’mean_absolute_error’.

  Note

  During the calculation of mse and mae metrics, the individual values of absolute error are restricted to be no greater than the length of the interval of possible values of the target attribute, as seen in the dataset schema. For example, if the target attribute contains values in the interval [-50, 50], then the absolute error of any individual prediction used in computing the mean will be no greater than 100.

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a regression model. It can be executed using the run() method to output evaluation metric value.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_logreg(glm, xs, y, dataset, metric='accuracy')

Analysis: Evaluate a logistic regression model.

Parameters

• glm (GLM) – The model (generated using logreg) to evaluate

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – Logistic regression evaluation metric. Examples: ‘accuracy’, ‘logloss’, ‘auroc’, ‘aupr’.

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a logistic regression model. It can be executed using the run() method to output evaluation metric value.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_gbt_classifier(gbt, xs, y, dataset, metric='accuracy')

Analysis: Evaluate a gradient boosted tree (GBT) classifier model.

Parameters

• gbt (GradientBoostedTreeClassifier) – The model to evaluate.

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – GBT evaluation metric. Currently only supports ‘accuracy’.

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a GBT classifier model. It can be executed using the run() method to output the value of the evaluation metric.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_random_forest(rf, xs, y, dataset, metric='accuracy')

Analysis: Evaluate a random forest model.

Parameters

• rf (RandomForestClassifier) – The model (generated using random_forest) to evaluate

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – Forest evaluation metric. Examples: ‘logloss’, ‘accuracy’, ‘auroc’, ‘aupr’

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a random forest model. It can be executed using the run() method to output evaluation metric value.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.eval_regression_trees(rf, xs, y, dataset, metric='mse')

Analysis: Evaluate a regression trees model.

Parameters

• rf (RandomForestClassifier) – The model (generated using regression_trees) to evaluate

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) –

  Model evaluation metric. Examples: ‘mse’/’mean_squared_error’ or ‘mae’/’mean_absolute_error’.

  Note

  During the calculation of mse and mae metrics, the individual values of absolute error are restricted to be no greater than the length of the interval of possible values of the target attribute, as seen in the dataset schema. For example, if the target attribute contains values in the interval [-50, 50], then the absolute error of any individual prediction used in computing the mean will be no greater than 100.

Returns

Analysis representing evaluation of a regression trees model. It can be executed using the run() method to output evaluation metric value.

Return type

ScalarAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.roc(model, xs, y, dataset, thresholds=5)

Compute the ConfusionCurves.

For each threshold value, compute the normalized confusion matrix using the model. The confusion matrix contains the true positive rate, the true negative rate, the false positive rate and the false negative rate.

Parameters

• model (Union[GLM, RandomForestClassifier]) – The model to evaluate the confusion curves on.

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• thresholds (Union[int, Sequence[float]]) – If int, then generate approximately thresholds (rounded to the closest power of 2) number of thresholds using recursive medians. If a sequence of floats, then use the list as the thresholds.

Returns

Analysis of the confusion curve, which can be executed using the run() method to output various evaluation metrics.

Return type

ConfusionModelAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.cross_val_score_linreg(xs, y, dataset, *, affine=True, l1reg=1.0, l2reg=1.0, cv=3, metric='mean_squared_error', parameter_bounds=None)

Analysis: Compute the linear regression cross validation score of the set of attributes.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – If True, fit an intercept term.

• l1reg (float) – The L1 regularization. Default value: 1.0.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization. Default value: 1.0. Must be at least 0.0001 to limit the randomization effect.

• cv (int) – Number of folds in k-fold cross validation.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric for evaluating the regression. Examples: ‘mae’, ‘mse’, ‘r2’.

• parameter_bounds (Optional[List[Tuple[float, float]]]) – Restriction on the model parameters, including the intercept. Required for differential privacy. Default value: -10.0 to 10.0 for each parameter

Returns

Analysis of the cross-validation scores for the regression model. It can be executed using the run() method to generate cross-validation results.

Return type

CrossValidationAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.cross_val_score_logreg(xs, y, dataset, cv=3, affine=True, l1reg=0.1, l2reg=0.1, metric='accuracy')

Analysis: Compute the logistic regression cross validation score of the set of attributes.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• affine (bool) – If True, fit an intercept term.

• l1reg (float) – The L1 regularization. Default value: 0.1.

• l2reg (float) – The L2 regularization. Default value: 0.1. Must be at least 0.0001 to limit the randomization effect.

• cv (int) – Number of folds in k-fold cross validation.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric for evaluating the logistic regression. Examples: ‘accuracy’, ‘logloss’, ‘auroc’, ‘aupr’.

Returns

Analysis of the cross-validation scores for the regression model. It can be executed using the run() method to generate cross-validation results.

Return type

CrossValidationAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.cross_val_score_random_forest(xs, y, dataset, n_trees=100, height=3, cv=3, metric='mean_squared_error')

Analysis: Compute the random forest cross validation score of the set of attributes.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• n_trees (int) – Number of trees.

• height (int) – Maximum height of trees.

• cv (int) – Number of folds in k-fold cross validation

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric for evaluating the regression

Returns

Analysis of the cross-validation scores for the random forest model. It can be executed using the run() method to generate cross-validation results.

Return type

CrossValidationAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.cross_val_score_regression_trees(xs, y, dataset, n_trees=100, height=3, cv=3, metric='mean_squared_error')

Analysis: Compute the regression trees cross validation score of the set of attributes.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attribute names that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The attribute name that is the outcome.

• dataset (DataSet) – The DataSet of the attributes.

• n_trees (int) – Number of trees.

• height (int) – Maximum height of trees.

• cv (int) – Number of folds in k-fold cross validation

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric for evaluating the regression

Returns

Analysis of the cross-validation scores for the regression trees model. It can be executed using the run() method to generate cross-validation results.

Return type

CrossValidationAnalysis

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.hyperopt_linreg(xs, y, dataset, *, cv, train_fraction, metric, n_iter=100, l1_bounds=(1e-10, 10000000000.0), l2_bounds=(1e-10, 10000000000.0), fit_intercept=None, parameter_bounds=None)

Analysis: Hyperparameter optimization for linear regression.

Calibrate a linear regression model by optimizing its cross-validation score with respect to model hyperparameters - L_1 and L_2 regularization parameters and presence of intercept.

See below for a pseudo-code of the algorithm:

Split the dataset into ds_train_val/ds_holdout based on train_fraction.
Use k-fold cross validation to split ds_train_val into cv pairs (ds_train, ds_val).
Initialize cv_history = []
For 1..n_iter
    pick a set of hyperparameters (hp) to test based on cv_history.
    use hp to calibrate a model on each cross-validation set
    evaluate it on corresponding sample set-aside for cross-validation
    compute an average cv score and append it to cv_history.
Pick the hyper parameters with the best cv score.
Train a model using the complete ds_train_val data set.
Evaluate the model on the holdout data set.
Return resulting model and its performance on the holdout set.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attributes that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The target attribute.

• dataset (DataSet) – The dataset containing the attributes.

• cv (int) – The number of cross-validation steps to perform for each candidate set of hyperparameters.

• train_fraction (float) – The fraction of the dataset to use set aside for model training and cross-validation – to be split further according to k-fold cross-validation strategy.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – Model performance metric to optimize. Examples: ‘mean_squared_error’, ‘mean_absolute_error’, ‘r2’

• n_iter (int) – The number of optimization steps. Default: 100

• l1_bounds (Tuple[float, float]) – Lower and upper bounds for l1 regularization. Default: (1E-10, 1E10)

• l2_bounds (Tuple[float, float]) – Lower and upper bounds for l2 regularization. Default: (1E-10, 1E10)

• fit_intercept (Optional[bool]) – If None, search will consider both options.

• parameter_bounds (Optional[List[Tuple[float, float]]]) – Restriction on the model parameters, including the intercept. Required for differential privacy. Default value: -10.0 to 10.0 for each parameter

Returns

Analysis object representing the model calibration process with hyperparameter optimization. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results, including

1. model calibrated with recommended hyperparameters and

2. its performance on the holdout dataset.

Return type

HyperOptAnalysis

See also

Paper with hyperparameter optimization algorithm

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.hyperopt_logreg(xs, y, dataset, cv, train_fraction, metric, n_iter=100, l1_bounds=(1e-10, 10000000000.0), l2_bounds=(1e-10, 10000000000.0), fit_intercept=None)

Analysis: Hyperparameter optimization for logistic regression.

Calibrate a logistic regression model by optimizing its cross-validation score with respect to model hyperparameters - L_1 and L_2 regularization parameters and presence of intercept.

See below for a pseudo-code of the algorithm:

Split the dataset into ds_train_val/ds_holdout based on train_fraction.
Use k-fold cross validation to split ds_train_val into cv pairs (ds_train, ds_val).
Initialize cv_history = []
For 1..n_iter
    pick a set of hyperparameters (hp) to test based on cv_history.
    use hp to calibrate a model on each cross-validation set
    evaluate it on corresponding sample set-aside for cross-validation
    compute an average cv score and append it to cv_history.
Pick the hyper parameters with the best cv score.
Train a model using the complete ds_train_val data set.
Evaluate the model on the holdout data set.
Return resulting model and its performance on the holdout set.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attributes that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The target attribute.

• dataset (DataSet) – The dataset containing the attributes.

• cv (int) – The number of cross-validation steps to perform for each candidate set of hyperparameters.

• train_fraction (float) – The fraction of the dataset to set aside for model training and cross-validation – to be split further according to k-fold cross-validation strategy.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – Model performance metric to optimize. Examples: ‘accuracy’, ‘logloss’, ‘auroc’, ‘aupr’.

• n_iter (int) – The number of optimization steps. Default: 100

• l1_bounds (Tuple[float, float]) – Lower and upper bounds for l1 regularization. Default: (1E-10, 1E10)

• l2_bounds (Tuple[float, float]) – Lower and upper bounds for l2 regularization. Default: (1E-10, 1E10)

• fit_intercept (Optional[bool]) – If None, search will consider both options.

Returns

Analysis object representing the model calibration process with hyperparameter optimization. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results, including

1. model calibrated with recommended hyperparameters and

2. its performance on the holdout dataset.

Return type

HyperOptAnalysis

See also

Paper with hyperparameter optimization algorithm

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.hyperopt_rf(xs, y, dataset, cv, train_fraction, metric, n_iter=100, max_trees=1000, max_depth=20)

Analysis: Hyperparameter optimization for a random forest model.

Calibrate a random forest model by optimizing its cross-validation score with respect to model hyperparameters - number of trees and individual tree depth (or height) limit.

See below for a pseudo-code of the algorithm:

Split the dataset into ds_train_val/ds_holdout based on train_fraction.
Use k-fold cross validation to split ds_train_val into cv pairs (ds_train, ds_val).
Initialize cv_history = []
For 1..n_iter
    pick a set of hyperparameters (hp) to test based on cv_history.
    use hp to calibrate a model on each cross-validation set
    evaluate it on corresponding sample set-aside for cross-validation
    compute an average cv score and append it to cv_history.
Pick the hyper parameters with the best cv score.
Train a model using the complete ds_train_val data set.
Evaluate the model on the holdout data set.
Return resulting model and its performance on the holdout set.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attributes that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The target attribute.

• dataset (DataSet) – The dataset containing the attributes.

• cv (int) – The number of cross-validation steps to perform for each candidate set of hyperparameters.

• train_fraction (float) – The fraction of the dataset to set aside for model training and cross-validation – to be split further according to k-fold cross-validation strategy.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric to optimize. Examples: ‘accuracy’, ‘logloss’, ‘auroc’, ‘aupr’

• n_iter (int) – The number of optimization steps. Default: 100

• max_trees (int) – Maximum number of trees. Default: 1000

• max_depth (int) – Maximum tree depth. Default: 20

Returns

Analysis object representing the model calibration process with hyperparameter optimization. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results, including

1. model calibrated with recommended hyperparameters and

2. its performance on the holdout dataset.

Return type

HyperOptAnalysis

See also

Paper with hyperparameter optimization algorithm

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

leapyear.analytics.hyperopt_regression_trees(xs, y, dataset, cv, train_fraction, metric, n_iter=100, max_trees=1000, max_depth=20)

Analysis: Hyperparameter optimization for a regression trees model.

Calibrate a regression trees model by optimizing its cross-validation score with respect to model hyperparameters - number of trees and individual tree depth (or height) limit.

See below for a pseudo-code of the algorithm:

Split the dataset into ds_train_val/ds_holdout based on train_fraction.
Use k-fold cross validation to split ds_train_val into cv pairs (ds_train, ds_val).
Initialize cv_history = []
For 1..n_iter
    pick a set of hyperparameters (hp) to test based on cv_history.
    use hp to calibrate a model on each cross-validation set
    evaluate it on corresponding sample set-aside for cross-validation
    compute an average cv score and append it to cv_history.
Pick the hyper parameters with the best cv score.
Train a model using the complete ds_train_val data set.
Evaluate the model on the holdout data set.
Return resulting model and its performance on the holdout set.

Parameters

• xs (List[Union[Attribute, str]]) – A list of attributes that are the features.

• y (Union[Attribute, str]) – The target attribute.

• dataset (DataSet) – The dataset containing the attributes.

• cv (int) – The number of cross-validation steps to perform for each candidate set of hyperparameters.

• train_fraction (float) – The fraction of the dataset to set aside for model training and cross-validation – to be split further according to k-fold cross-validation strategy.

• metric (Union[str, Metric]) – The metric to optimize. Examples: ‘mae’, ‘mse’, ‘r2’

• n_iter (int) – The number of optimization steps. Default: 100

• max_trees (int) – Maximum number of trees. Default: 1000

• max_depth (int) – Maximum tree depth. Default: 20

Returns

Analysis object representing the model calibration process with hyperparameter optimization. It can be executed using the run() method to output the analysis results, including

1. model calibrated with recommended hyperparameters and

2. its performance on the holdout dataset.

Return type

HyperOptAnalysis

See also

Paper with hyperparameter optimization algorithm

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Context Managers

leapyear.analytics.ignore_computation_cache()

Temporary context where computations do not utilize the computation cache.

The computation cache is intended to prevent wasting privacy exposure on queries that were previously computed. Entering this context manager will disable the use of the cache and allow repeated computations to return different differentially private answers.

Example

An administrator wants to run a count multiple times to estimate the random distribution of responses around the precise value.

>>> with ignore_computation_cache():
>>>     results = [la.count_rows(table).run() for _ in range(10)]

See also

• To override the behavior for a single computation, see the cache keyword argument in run() or check().

• The default_analysis_caching keyword argument in Client will temporarily be overwritten within this context manager.

Note

Additional permissions may be required to disable the computation cache.

Return type

None

leapyear.analytics.precise_computations(precise=True)

Temporary context specifying if the computations are precise or not.

Computations requested within this context would be executed in precise mode, where differential privacy is not applied.

Parameters

precise (bool) – True to enable precise computations within the context, False to disable them.

Example

An administrator wants to compare the responses of a number of computations with and without differential privacy applied. Precise mode may not be available for all computations.

>>> def my_computation():
>>>     symbols = ("APPL", "GOOG", "MSFT"):
>>>     return [la.count_rows(table.where(col("SYM") == lit(val)).run() for val in symbols]
>>>
>>> res_dp = my_computation()
>>> with precise_computations():
>>>    res_no_dp = my_computation()

See also

• To override the behavior for a single computation, see the precise keyword argument in run() or check().

Note

Additional permissions may be necessary to enable precise computations.

Return type

None

Save/Load Models

LeapYear save and load machine learning models utilities.

leapyear.ml_import_export.save(model, path_or_fd)

Save machine learning models in json to either a file or a file-like object.

Parameters

• model (Union[ClusterModel, GLM, GradientBoostedTreeClassifier, RandomForestClassifier, RandomForestRegressor, RichResult[Union[ClusterModel, GLM, GradientBoostedTreeClassifier, RandomForestClassifier, RandomForestRegressor], Any]]) – Any machine learning model executed using the run() method.

• path – The path where to save the file in the file system or a descriptor for an in-memory stream.

Example

>>> from leapyear.ml_import_export import save
>>> save(model, 'model.json')

Return type

None

leapyear.ml_import_export.load(path_or_fd, expected_model_type=None, **kwargs)

Load machine learning models from a file-like object.

Parameters

• path – The path in the file system or an in-memory stream from where to load the model.

• expected_mode_type – If None it won’t check that the model being loaded is of the type specified. Otherwise it checks that the model loaded is of the type expected.

• rf_type – When loading RandomForest models with serialization number 0, setting this to “classification” or “regression” will load the model as a RandomForestClassifier or RandomForestRegressor objects, respectively. If not specified, a RandomForest model will raise an error. The value is ignored for all other model types.

Examples

1. Loading a previously saved model of unspecified type

>>> from leapyear.ml_import_export import load
>>> model = load('model.json')

2. Loading a previously saved RandomForestClassifier model

>>> from leapyear.ml_import_export import load
>>> model = load('random_forest_classifier.json', RandomForestClassifier)

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

Union[ClusterModel, GLM, GradientBoostedTreeClassifier, RandomForestClassifier, RandomForestRegressor]

Module leapyear.analytics.classes

Classes related to LeapYear analyses.

Analysis Classes

This section documents classes that define and process analyses in the LeapYear system.

Main Classes

class leapyear.analytics.classes.Analysis(analysis, relation)

Any analysis that can be performed on the LeapYear server.

It contains an analysis and a relation on which the analysis should be performed.

check(*, cache=None, allow_max_budget_allocation=None, precise=None, **kwargs)

Check the analysis for errors.

If any errors are present, the function will raise a descriptive error. If no errors are found, then the function will return self.

Return type

Analysis[~_Result, ~_Model, ~_ModelMetadata]

run(*, detach: Literal[True], cache: Optional[bool] = None, allow_max_budget_allocation: Optional[bool] = None, precise: Optional[bool] = None, rich_result: bool = False, max_timeout_sec: Optional[float] = None, minimum_dataset_size: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) → leapyear.analytics.classes.AsyncAnalysis[_Result, _Model, _ModelMetadata]

run(*, rich_result: Literal[True], cache: Optional[bool] = None, allow_max_budget_allocation: Optional[bool] = None, precise: Optional[bool] = None, max_timeout_sec: Optional[float] = None, minimum_dataset_size: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) → leapyear.analytics.classes.RichResult[_Model, _ModelMetadata]

run(*, cache: Optional[bool] = None, allow_max_budget_allocation: Optional[bool] = None, precise: Optional[bool] = None, max_timeout_sec: Optional[float] = None, minimum_dataset_size: Optional[int] = None, **kwargs: Any) → _Model

Run analysis.

Parameters

• detach – If True when the analysis is sent to the server, it will return immediately with an AsyncAnalysis object. The analysis will be evaluated in the background on the server. The client can check the result of the analysis later using the AsyncAnalysis object.

• cache – If True, then the first time this analysis is executed on the LeapYear server, the result will be cached. Subsequent calls to the identical analysis (with cache=True) will fetch the cached version and not contribute to the security cost. If None, the default caching behavior will be obtained from the connection.

• allow_max_budget_allocation – Default is True. If False, raise an leapyear.exceptions.DataSetTooSmallException when the randomness calibration system would run an analysis with the maximum privacy exposure per computation. If None, the default value will be obtained from the connection.

• precise – When True, request an answer with no noise added to the computation.

• rich_result – When True, return a result with additional (potentially analysis-specific) metadata, including the privacy exposure expended in the process of performing the analysis. Defaults to False.

• max_timeout_sec – When detach=False, specifies the maximum amount of time (in seconds) the user is willing to wait for a response. If set to None, the analysis will poll the server indefinitely. When computing on big data or long-running machine learning tasks, we recommend using the detach=True feature and use the functions provided in AsyncAnalysis. Defaults to waiting forever.

• minimum_dataset_size – When minimum_dataset_size is set, prevent computations on data sets that have fewer rows than the specified value. We recommend using this when an analysis could filter down to a small number of records, potentially consuming more privacy budget than is desired. Setting this will spend a small amount of privacy budget to estimate the number of rows involved in a computation. This value is superseded by an admin-defined minimum_dataset_size parameter, if the admin’s value is larger.

Returns

The result of the analysis. Multiple return types are possible.

Return type

Union[_Model, AsyncAnalysis, RichResult[_Model, _ModelMetadata]]

maximum_privacy_exposure(minimum_dataset_size=None)

Maximum privacy exposure associated with running this analysis.

Estimate the maximum incremental privacy exposure that could result from running this computation for the current user. The result is represented as a percentage of privacy exposure limit for each data source.

Note: Estimating maximum privacy exposure may incur a small amount of privacy exposure.

Parameters

minimum_dataset_size (Optional[int]) – When minimum_dataset_size is set, prevent computations on data sets that have fewer rows than the specified value.

Returns

A dictionary that maps a TableIdentifier to the estimated maximum fractional privacy exposure that running the analysis would incur for the associated table.

Return type

FractionalPrivacyExposure

class leapyear.analytics.classes.AsyncAnalysis(async_job_id, *, analysis, rich_result)

Asynchronous job for running analysis queries.

check_status()

Check the status of the given asynchronous job.

Return type

AsyncJobStatus

cancel()

Cancel the job.

wait_to_cancel(**kwargs)

Wait for the given asynchronous job to finish.

Same as ‘wait’, but doesn’t error on cancellations. Takes the same arguments as ‘wait’.

Return type

None

process_result(result)

Process the result of running an analysis.

Return type

Union[~_Model, RichResult[~_Model, ~_ModelMetadata]]

serialize()

Serialize an external analysis to a string.

Return type

str

Analysis Subclasses

This section describes the subclasses of Analysis, generally determined by what type of output they produce.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.BoundsAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a lower and upper bound.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ClusteringAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a clustering model.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ConfusionModelAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a ConfusionCurve object.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.CountAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a scalar count value.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.CountAnalysisWithRI(analysis, relation)

Analysis that computes a scalar count value.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). A RandomizationInterval object will be generated.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.CrossValidationAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in multiple results of the same type.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.DescribeAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that produces a model describing a dataset.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.FailAnalysis(analysis, relation)

An analysis that always fails.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ForestModelClassifierAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a forest model.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ForestModelRegressionAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a forest model.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.GradientBoostedTreeClassifierModelAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Gradient boosted tree classifier analysis.

When executed, this analysis returns a model object of class GradientBoostedTreeClassifier.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.GroupbyAggAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a GroupbyAgg.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.GenLinAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a generalized linear model.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.Histogram2DAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a 2d histogram.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.HistogramAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a histogram.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.HyperOptAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that returns the result of hyperparameter optimization.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.MatrixAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a matrix of float values.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ScalarAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results in a scalar float value.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ScalarAnalysisWithRI(analysis, relation)

Analysis that computes a scalar value.

The user can request additional information about the computation with run(rich_result=True). In this case, a RandomizationInterval object will be generated.

This likely interval is likely to include the exact value of the computation on the data sample.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.ScalarFromHistogramAnalysis(f, *args)

Analysis that uses a histogram to compute a scalar value.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.SleepAnalysis(analysis, relation)

An analysis that will sleep for a set amount of microseconds.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.TypeAnalysis(analysis, relation)

Analysis that results list of counts associated with types.

Rich Results

This section documents classes related to rich results and privacy exposure measurements.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.RandomizationInterval(estimation_method: str, confidence_level: float, low: float, high: float)

An interval estimating the uncertainty in the exact answer, given randomized output.

A RandomizationInterval can be generated for a subset of the analyses offered by LeapYear by running an analysis with run(rich_result = True).

The interval between low and high is expected to include the exact value of the computation on the data sample with the stated confidence_level (e.g. 95%).

Parameters

• confidence_level (float) – The confidence that the exact answer lies within the interval.

• low (float) – The lower bound of the interval.

• high (float) – The upper bound of the interval.

• estimation_method (str) –

  The method used to compute the interval depends on analysis type.

  With 'bayesian' method, the randomization interval is obtained using a posterior distribution analysis based on non-informative prior, the knowledge of randomized output and the scale of the randomization effect applied.

  With 'approximate' method, the randomization interval is estimated using simplified simulation process.

  Note

  The 'approximate' estimation method tends to produce biased intervals for small data samples.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.FractionalPrivacyExposure

A fractional measure of privacy exposure for a collection of tables.

This is represented by a dictionary, mapping a TableIdentifier to the fraction of total privacy exposure that has been expended for the table corresponding to the TableIdentifier.

Aggregate Results

This section documents classes related to aggregate resuls from group by operations.

class leapyear.analytics.classes.GroupbyAgg(aggregate_type: Sequence[_ml.GroupbyAgg], key_columns: Sequence[Attribute], aggs: Mapping[Tuple[Any, …], float])

A GroupBy Aggregate.

aggregate_type: Sequence[leapyear._tidl.protocol.query.select.machinelearning.GroupbyAgg]

Alias for field number 0

key_columns: Sequence[leapyear.dataset.attribute.Attribute]

Alias for field number 1

aggs: Mapping[Tuple[Any, …], float]

Alias for field number 2

to_dataframe(groups_as_index=True)

Convert to a pandas DataFrame.

Parameters

groups_as_index (bool, optional) – Whether the groupBy columns should be the MultiIndex of the resulting DataFrame. If False, then the groupBy columns are made into columns of the output. By default True.

Returns

A pandas DataFrame, with a multi-index corresponding to the key columns of the groupBy operation if groups_as_index = True.

Return type

pd.DataFrame

Module leapyear.model

LeapYear models.

Data objects generated from training or evaluating models used in machine learning.

Regression-Based Models

class leapyear.model.GLM(affinity: bool, l1reg: float, l2reg: float, model: GeneralizedLinearModel)

A representation of a trained Generalized Linear Model (GLM).

Differentially private versions of GLMs are calibrated using various methods, e.g.

• leapyear.analytics.logreg(),

• leapyear.analytics.linreg(),

• The variants of these methods that optimize model hyperparameters.

Objects of this class store parameters and structure of a regression model and can be used to generate predictions for regression and classification problems.

affinity: bool

Alias for field number 0

l1reg: float

Alias for field number 1

l2reg: float

Alias for field number 2

model: leapyear._tidl.protocol.algorithms.generalizedlinearmodel.GeneralizedLinearModel

Alias for field number 3

property coefficients

Model coefficients, excluding intercepts.

Return type

ndarray

property intercept

Model intercept, if model has only one coefficient set.

Return type

float

property intercepts

Model intercepts, if any.

Return type

ndarray

property model_type

Model type (e.g. linear, logistic).

Return type

GeneralizedLinearModelType

decision_function(xs)

Decision function of the generalized linear model.

Computes the height of the regression function (xbeta) at the provided points. This is purely linear transformation of the input features.

In case of logistic model, model would ultimately classify observations based on the sign of this decision function.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – a set of datapoints for which to predict

Returns

The predicted decision function

Return type

np.ndarray

predict(xs)

Prediction function of the generalized linear model.

For linear problems, returns the height of the regression line (decision function) at the data points provided.

For classification problems, returns boolean classification choice, which is based on the sign of this decision function.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – a set of datapoints for which to predict

Returns

the predictions for the points according to the model

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_proba(xs)

Probabilities given by generalized linear model.

For logistic classification problems, returns probability that the model assigns to a positive response (True outcome variable) for each of the data points provided.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of probability scores assigned by the model

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_log_proba(xs)

Logarithm of probabilities given by generalized linear model.

For logistic classification problems, returns natural logarithm of probability that the model assigns to a True outcome for each of the data points provided.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of log-probability scores assigned by the model

Return type

np.ndarray

to_dict()

Convert to a dictionary.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_dict(cls, d)

Convert from a dictionary.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

GLM

to_shap()

Convert the trained model to SHAP format.

The converted model can then be used to construct a LinearExplainer object able to generate Shapley explanations for new records to which the model would be applied to.

Note that:

• model execution and generation of model score explanations is expected to be done in a production setting by an automated system with direct access to record-level information.

• feature explanations for categorical features are currently not supported. Consider one-hot encoding features to get the benefits of explainable model scores.

Examples

>>> import shap
>>> from leapyear import analytics as la
>>> ...
>>> glm_model = la.logreg(xs, y, ds).run()
>>> glm_explainer = shap.LinearExplainer(glm_model.to_shap(), X_reference)
>>> glm_shap_values = glm_explainer.shap_values(X_to_predict)
>>> ...

In this example:

• The input X_reference used to initialize the explainer object is a pandas.DataFrame containing explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models. It is used to infer what model scores and feature distribution should be considered “typical”.

• The input X_to_predict is a pandas.DataFrame capturing the explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models.

See the SHAP Linear documentation for more information.

LeapYear has been tested with SHAP version 0.39.0. Older or newer versions are not guaranteed to work.

Return type

_ShapGLM

Tree-Based Models

class leapyear.model.RandomForestClassifier(ntrees: int, height: int, model: DecisionForest)

A representation of a trained Random Forest classification model.

Provides methods for making predictions and report on feature importance statistics.

ntrees: int

Alias for field number 0

height: int

Alias for field number 1

model: leapyear._tidl.protocol.algorithms.decisiontree.DecisionForest

Alias for field number 2

predict(xs)

Prediction function of the random forest classification model.

For classification problems, returns the most likely class according to the model.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of most likely outcome labels assigned by the model

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_proba(xs)

Prediction probability function of the random forest model.

For each of the data points provided, returns probability that the model assigns to any given outcome.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of probability scores assigned by the model to input data points and possible outcomes

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_log_proba(xs)

Logarithm of probabilities given by random forest model.

For each of the data points provided, returns natural logarithm of probability that the model assigns to any given outcome.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of log-probability scores assigned by the model to input data points and possible outcomes

Return type

np.ndarray

property feature_importance

Relative feature importance.

Feature importances are derived based on the information collected during model training with differentially private computations, specifically:

1. For each tree and for each split of the tree, lookup value (gain) of introducing the split, as calculated on training data during model calibration - and attribute it to the splitting feature. See leapyear.analytics.random_forest() for specific calculation of split gain based on a notion of Gini impurity.

2. To compute tree-specific feature importances, sum up split gains across all splits within each tree, weighted (multiplied) by parent node size, and re-scale these tree-specific feature importances to sum up to 1 for each tree.

3. Average feature importances across all trees in the random forest ensemble to get final feature importance.

References:

• Hastie, Tibshirani, Friedman. “The Elements of Statistical Learning, 2nd Edition.” 2001.

Return type

Mapping[int, float]

to_dict()

Convert to a dictionary.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_dict(cls, d)

Convert from a dictionary.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

RandomForestClassifier

to_shap()

Convert the trained model to SHAP format.

The converted model can then be used to construct a TreeExplainer object able to generate Shapley explanations for new records to which the model would be applied to.

Note that:

• model execution and generation of model score explanations is expected to be done in a production setting by an automated system with direct access to record-level information.

• feature explanations for categorical features are currently not supported. Consider one-hot encoding features to get the benefits of explainable model scores.

Examples

>>> import shap
>>> from leapyear import analytics as la
>>> ...
>>> rfc_model = la.random_forest (xs, y, ds).run()
>>> rfc_explainer = shap.TreeExplainer(rfc_model.to_shap(), X_reference)
>>> rfc_shap_values = rfc_explainer.shap_values(X_to_predict)
>>> ...

In this example:

• The input X_reference used to initialize the explainer object is a pandas.DataFrame containing explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models. It is used to infer what model scores and feature distribution should be considered “typical”.

• The input X_to_predict is a pandas.DataFrame capturing the explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models.

See the SHAP Tree documentation for more information.

LeapYear has been tested with SHAP version 0.39.0. Older or newer versions are not guaranteed to work.

Return type

Dict

class leapyear.model.RandomForestRegressor(ntrees: int, height: int, model: DecisionForest)

A representation of a trained Random Forest regression model.

ntrees: int

Alias for field number 0

height: int

Alias for field number 1

model: leapyear._tidl.protocol.algorithms.decisiontree.DecisionForest

Alias for field number 2

predict(xs)

Prediction function of the random forest regression model.

For each of the data points provided, returns the prediction that the model assigns.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of predictions assigned by the model to input data points

Return type

np.ndarray

to_dict()

Convert to a dictionary.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_dict(cls, d)

Convert from a dictionary.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

RandomForestRegressor

to_shap()

Convert the trained model to SHAP format.

The converted model can then be used to construct a TreeExplainer object able to generate Shapley explanations for new records to which the model would be applied to.

Note that:

• model execution and generation of model score explanations is expected to be done in a production setting by an automated system with direct access to record-level information.

• feature explanations for categorical features are currently not supported. Consider one-hot encoding features to get the benefits of explainable model scores.

Examples

>>> import shap
>>> from leapyear import analytics as la
>>> ...
>>> rf_model = la.regression_trees(xs, y, ds).run()
>>> rf_explainer = shap.TreeExplainer(rf_model.to_shap(), X_reference)
>>> rf_shap_values = rf_explainer.shap_values(X_to_predict)
>>> ...

In this example:

• The input X_reference used to initialize the explainer object is a pandas.DataFrame containing explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models. It is used to infer what model scores and feature distribution should be considered “typical”.

• The input X_to_predict is a pandas.DataFrame capturing the explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models.

See the SHAP Tree documentation for more information.

LeapYear has been tested with SHAP version 0.39.0. Older or newer versions are not guaranteed to work.

Return type

Dict

class leapyear.model.GradientBoostedTreeClassifier(max_depth: int, model: WeightedDecisionForest)

A representation of a trained gradient boosted tree classifier model.

This includes two named fields:

• max_depth - the maximum depth of the individual decision trees.

• model - a model object of class WeightedDecisionForest, including information about individual decision trees and their weights.

max_depth: int

Alias for field number 0

model: leapyear._tidl.protocol.algorithms.decisiontree.WeightedDecisionForest

Alias for field number 1

predict(xs)

Prediction function of the gradient boosted tree classification model.

For classification problems, returns the most likely class according to the model.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of most likely outcome labels assigned by the model

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_proba(xs)

Prediction probability function of the GBT model.

For each of the data points provided, returns probability that the model assigns to any given outcome.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of probability scores assigned by the model to input data points and possible outcomes

Return type

np.ndarray

predict_log_proba(xs)

Logarithm of probabilities given by GBT model.

For each of the data points provided, returns natural logarithm of probability that the model assigns to any given outcome.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – array with input data

Returns

array of log-probability scores assigned by the model to input data points and possible outcomes

Return type

np.ndarray

to_dict()

Convert to a dictionary.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_dict(cls, d)

Convert from a dictionary.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

GradientBoostedTreeClassifier

to_shap()

Convert the trained model to SHAP format.

The converted model can then be used to construct a TreeExplainer object able to generate Shapley explanations for new records to which the model would be applied to.

Note that:

• model execution and generation of model score explanations is expected to be done in a production setting by an automated system with direct access to record-level information.

• feature explanations for categorical features are currently not supported. Consider one-hot encoding features to get the benefits of explainable model scores.

Examples

>>> import shap
>>> from leapyear import analytics as la
>>> ...
>>> gbt_model = la.gradient_boosted_tree_classifier(xs, y, ds).run()
>>> gbt_explainer = shap.TreeExplainer(gbt_model.to_shap(), X_reference)
>>> gbt_shap_values = gbt_explainer.shap_values(X_to_predict)
>>> ...

In this example:

• The input X_reference used to initialize the explainer object is a pandas.DataFrame containing explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models. It is used to infer what model scores and feature distribution should be considered “typical”.

• The input X_to_predict is a pandas.DataFrame capturing the explanatory variables in the same order as used to train models.

See the SHAP Tree documentation for more information.

LeapYear has been tested with SHAP version 0.39.0. Older or newer versions are not guaranteed to work.

Return type

Dict

Clustering Models

class leapyear.model.ClusterModel(niters: int, nclusters: int, model: _CM)

A representation of the trained K-means clustering model.

This model is generated by running a K-means clustering algorithm leapyear.analytics.kmeans() and contains cluster centroids (centers).

niters: int

Alias for field number 0

nclusters: int

Alias for field number 1

model: ClusterModel

Alias for field number 2

property centroids

Model centroids.

Return type

ndarray[Any, dtype[float64]]

predict(xs)

Prediction function of the clustering model.

Returns the labels for each point in xs.

Parameters

xs (ndarray) – A 2-dimensional array of data points.

Returns

The associated cluster labels predicted by the the model.

Return type

np.ndarray

to_dict()

Convert to a dictionary.

Return type

Dict[str, Any]

classmethod from_dict(cls, d)

Convert from a dictionary.

Unsupported Backends

Not supported for the following LeapYear compute backend(s): snowflake.

Return type

ClusterModel

Model Evaluation Objects

class leapyear.model.ConfusionCurve(model: _CC)

The Confusion curve object.

This model is generated from running leapyear.analytics.roc() and contains the metrics of true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative rates for a sequence of thresholds. Other common metrics are provided as properties of this model.

model: leapyear._tidl.protocol.algorithms.confusioncurve.ConfusionCurve

Alias for field number 0

property df

Return a dataframe containing most of the analytics.

Return type

DataFrame

property thresholds

Thresholds.

Outputs the list of thresholds used for generating confusion curve.

Return type

ndarray

property tpr

Compute true positive rates.

Outputs a list of true positive rate (sensitivity, recall) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: tpr (true positive rate), sensitivity, recall

See also

Sensitivity and specificity

Return type

ndarray

property sensitivity

Compute true positive rates.

Outputs a list of true positive rate (sensitivity, recall) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: tpr (true positive rate), sensitivity, recall

See also

Sensitivity and specificity

Return type

ndarray

property recall

Compute true positive rates.

Outputs a list of true positive rate (sensitivity, recall) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: tpr (true positive rate), sensitivity, recall

See also

Sensitivity and specificity

Return type

ndarray

property fpr

Compute false positive rates.

Outputs a list of false positive rate (fallout) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: fpr (false positive rate), fallout

See also

False positive rate

Return type

ndarray

property fallout

Compute false positive rates.

Outputs a list of false positive rate (fallout) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: fpr (false positive rate), fallout

See also

False positive rate

Return type

ndarray

property tnr

Compute true negative rates.

Outputs a list of true negative rate (specificity) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: tnr (true negative rate), specificity

See also

Sensitivity and specificity

Return type

ndarray

property specificity

Compute true negative rates.

Outputs a list of true negative rate (specificity) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: tnr (true negative rate), specificity

See also

Sensitivity and specificity

Return type

ndarray

property fnr

Compute false negative rates.

Outputs a list of false negative rate (miss rate) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: fnr (false negative rate), missrate

See also

False negative rates

Return type

ndarray

property missrate

Compute false negative rates.

Outputs a list of false negative rate (miss rate) values, associated with chosen thresholds.

Aliases: fnr (false negative rate), missrate

See also

False negative rates

Return type

ndarray

property precision

Compute precision.

Aliases: precision, ppv (positive predictive value)

See also

Precision and recall

Return type

ndarray

property ppv

Compute precision.

Aliases: precision, ppv (positive predictive value)

See also

Precision and recall

Return type

ndarray

property npv

Negative predictive value.

Return type

ndarray

property accuracy

Accuracy.

Return type

ndarray

property f1score

F1-score.

Return type

ndarray

property mcc

Matthews correlation coefficient.

Return type

ndarray

property auc_roc

Area under the ROC curve.

Calculates the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.

Return type

ndarray

property auc_pr

Area under the Precision-Recall curve.

Return type

ndarray

property gmeasure

the geometric mean of the precision and recall.

Type

G-measure

Return type

ndarray

fscore(beta)

Fbeta-score.

The Fbeta-score is the weighted harmonic mean between the precision and recall.

Parameters

beta (float) – Non-negative float for the relative proportion of precision and recall.

Returns

Return type

The Fbeta score

Module leapyear.exceptions

All errors and exceptions.

exception leapyear.exceptions.ClientError

General client errors.

static from_response(response, errors=None)

Create a ClientError from a response.

Return type

ClientError

class leapyear.exceptions.ErrorInfo(message: str, details: Optional[str] = None)

Information about a particular error.

message: str

Alias for field number 0

details: Optional[str]

Alias for field number 1

exception leapyear.exceptions.APIError(message, *, response=None, errors=None)

Error from the API Server.

exception leapyear.exceptions.DataSetTooSmallException(**kwargs)

Re-throw of DataSetTooSmall exception.

This exception is triggered and interrupts the computation when the LeapYear system is unable to guarantee a result that meets the target accuracy while staying within the maximum Privacy Exposure allowed for the computation.

The primary cause for this exception is that the data sample being analyzed is too small, and therefore providing an accurate result would reveal too much information about a single record.

See also

Built-in safeguards and methods to override exceptions

exception leapyear.exceptions.DataSetSizeBlockedByPrivacyProfileException(**kwargs)

Re-throw of DataSetSizeBlockedByProfile exception.

This exception is triggered and interrupts the computation when the LeapYear system detects that the data set size is smaller than the minimum size required by the privacy profile.

The primary cause for this exception is that the data sample being analyzed is too small, and therefore providing an accurate result would reveal too much information about a single record.

See also

Built-in safeguards and methods to override exceptions

exception leapyear.exceptions.HighPrivacyExposureException(**kwargs)

Re-throw of HighPrivacyExposure exception.

This exception occurs when it is estimated that the Privacy Exposure will reach or exceed the Privacy Exposure Limit for that particular computation. This could be due to either:

• the data sample is too small and LeapYear estimates that a large privacy exposure will be incurred, or

• the computation involves a relation that generates a large sensitivity multiplier.

The precise reason for the exception is not made explicit because of potential privacy concerns.

See also

Built-in safeguards and methods to override exceptions

Limiting the effect of data derivation steps on computation sensitivity

exception leapyear.exceptions.SensitivityMultiplierTooLargeException(logbase10_sensitivity_multiplier, **kwargs)

Re-throw of SensitivityMultiplierTooLarge exception.

This exception is triggered and interrupts a computation when the LeapYear system estimates that the computation:

• will reach or exceed the maximum Privacy Exposure allowed for the computation; AND

• is based on a derived dataset that generates an excessively large sensitivity multiplier.

See also

Built-in safeguards and methods to override exceptions

Limiting the effect of data derivation steps on computation sensitivity

exception leapyear.exceptions.InvalidURL

URL can not be parsed.

exception leapyear.exceptions.TLSError

Errors from TLS.

exception leapyear.exceptions.InvalidJson

Json was not constructed correctly.

exception leapyear.exceptions.ConnectionError

Error establishing connection.

exception leapyear.exceptions.ServerVersionMismatch(server_version=None)

Server and client have different versions.

exception leapyear.exceptions.TokenExpiredError

Authentication token was expired.

exception leapyear.exceptions.AsyncTimeoutError

Async job timed out.

exception leapyear.exceptions.AsyncCancelledError

Async job was cancelled.

exception leapyear.exceptions.GroupbyAggTooManyKeysError

Too many keys for a GroupbyAgg operation.

exception leapyear.exceptions.LoadUnsupportedModelException

This exception is raised when trying to load or save an unsupported type of model.

exception leapyear.exceptions.LoadModelMismatchException(actual_type, expected_type)

This exception is raised when there is a mismatch with loaded and expected models.

exception leapyear.exceptions.LoadModelVersionException(model, name_file)

This exception is raised when loading a module with a version not supported.

exception leapyear.exceptions.SaveUnsupportedModelException

This exception is raised when trying to save an unsupported model.

exception leapyear.exceptions.PublicKeyCredentialsError(message)

Exceptions originating from problems with public key auth credentials.

Module leapyear.ext

Quick client

leapyear.ext.user.client(config_file=PosixPath('~/.leapyear_client.ini'), debug=False, **kwargs)

Use environment variables or a configuration file to quickly connect to LeapYear.

This function uses values found in environment variables, a config file, keyword arguments and built-in defaults to try to establish a connection to a LeapYear server. In order of precedence, values are taken from the kwargs of this function, then environment variable, the config file, and finally, default values, if they exist.

By default, the config file is ~/.leapyear_client.ini. The config file requires a [leapyear.io] section where values can be found.

The following table contains the names of the values when specified by particular methods, and the default values if no other value can be determined.

environment variable	ini key/keyword argument	default value
LY_URL	url	'http://localhost:4401'
LY_USERNAME	username	None
LY_PASSWORD	password	None
LY_DEFAULT_ANALYSIS_CACHING	default_analysis_caching	True
LY_DEFAULT_ALLOW_MAX_BUDGET_ALLOCATION	default_allow_max_budget_allocation	True
LY_LOGGING_LEVEL	logging_level	'NOTSET'

At least username and password must be supplied to establish a connection to the LeapYear server.

logging_level should be the name of a logging level in logging.

Example

Contents of ~/.leapyear_client.ini are

[leapyear.io]
username = alice
password = lihjAgsd324$
url = http://api.leapyear.domain.com:4401

Next, we execute a basic test with debug=True to see the values that are passed to the Client constructor.

>>> from leapyear.ext.user import client
>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig()
>>> c = client(debug=True)
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:Found config file with [leapyear.io] section.
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:Resolved the following values:
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  url <- <str: 'http://api.leapyear.domain.com:4401'>
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  username <- <str: 'alice'>
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  password <- <str: 'lihjAgsd324$'>
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  default_analysis_caching <- <bool: True>
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  default_allow_max_budget_allocation <- <bool: True>
DEBUG:leapyear.ext.user:  logging_level <- <int: 0>
>>> print(c.connected)
True
>>> c.close()

Parameters

• config_file (pathlib.Path) – Specify an alternate config file.

• debug (bool) – Set to True to enable extra debugging information. basicConfig() may be useful to run so that debugging information will print to stdout.

Return type

Client

Reference

• Index